Chapter 3

Question 1

Tetanus

Answer 1

• block inhibitory responses by preventing the pre-sympathetic relapse of GABA
  Symptoms: uncontrolled muscles spasms, lockjaw, progresses to breaking muscles, death

Question 2

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 2

• deficiency of dopamine in the basal nuclei
  Symptoms: muscular rigidity, involuntary tremors

Question 3

What is the treatment for PD

Answer 3

Leva-Dopa
—> precursor of dopamine

Question 4

Effect of Cocaine on the synapse

Answer 4

• generates long-term modular adaptions
• cocaine leads to increased dopamine activity
• the number or dopamine receptors is reduced in response to glut, so the user must increase the dosage to satisfy the post synaptic cells

Question 5

Presynaptic facilation

Answer 5

• release of neurotransmitters in enhanced

Question 6

Presynaptic inhibition

Answer 6

• amount of neurotransmitters released is reduced

Question 7

Neuropeptides

Answer 7

• larger
• synthesized in the ER or golgi complex
• slow prolonged response
• lower concentrations

Question 8

Neurotransmitters

Answer 8

• small, rapid acting
• synthesized in the synaptic vesicles in the cytoplasm
• mainly amino acids
• typically trigger the opening of specific ion channels the bring about change in the post synaptic neuron’s (EPSP or IPSP)

Question 9

Inhibitory synapse

Answer 9

IPSP
- moves the synaptic neuron farther from threshold
- leakage of k; hyoerpolarization
- cl efflux

Question 10

Excitatory Synapse

Answer 10

EPSP
- both ions are increased at the same time
- neurons is easier to bring to threshold
- excite the next neuron

Question 11

MS

Answer 11

• demyelination’s disease
  Symptoms: fatigue, wheelchair bound, loos of vision, muscle weakness
  Cause: herpes 4 and 6, environmental

Question 12

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 12

• myelin forming cells in the CNS
• not not have regenerative ability

Question 13

Schwann cells

Answer 13

• form myelin in the PNS
• form regeneration tube
• provide neurotrophic factors

Question 14

Satellite cells

Answer 14

• form casual around the body
• in PNS

Question 15

Astrocytes

Answer 15

• secrete paracrine signals
• form tight junctions (BBB)
• provide neurotrophic nature

Question 16

Microglia

Answer 16

• brains immune cells
• scavengers

Question 17

Epidymal cells

Answer 17

• in CNS
• secrete cerebralspinal fluid
• act as stem cells

Question 18

Where are epidymal cells located

Answer 18

Hippocampus

Question 19

Modes of Ranvier

Answer 19

• where the axon is bare and exposed to the ECF
• can produce action potential ( has a high concentration of voltage gated na channels)

Question 20

Myelin

Answer 20

-80% lipids, 20% proteins
- insulator to prevent current leakage

Question 21

Variable of speed of conduction

Answer 21

• myelinated or unmyelinated
• diameter of the finer (larger = faster)

Question 22

Saltatory conduction

Answer 22

• myelinated neurons
• jumps
• faster communication
• energy efficient
• travels longer distances

Question 23

Contiguous conduction

Answer 23

• unmyelinated fibres
• action potential spreads whole length of the neuron

Question 24

Voltage gated channels

Answer 24

• open and close in response to membrane potential

Question 25

Leak channels

Answer 25

- open all the time - unregulated leakage of ions

Question 26

Na - k concentration

Answer 26

2-3

Question 27

Na

Answer 27

Extracellular: 150 Intracellular: 15 Relative permubility: 1

Question 28

K

Answer 28

Extracellular: 5 Intracellular: 150 Relative permubility: 50-75

Question 29

A

Answer 29

Extracellular: 0 Intracellular: 65 Relative permubiality: 0

Question 30

Membrane potential

Answer 30

- difference charge between the ICF and ECF - exhibited by all membranes

Question 31

Depolarization

Answer 31

- increased permubility of na (na influx) -“ climbing” - upward

Question 32

Repolarization

Answer 32

- increased k permubility - falling - downward movement

Question 33

Hypolarization

Answer 33

Dip - leakage of k into the cell

Question 34

Relative refractory period

Answer 34

- na gates close; k gates open - last part of repolarization and hyperpolarization

Question 35

Absolute refractory period

Answer 35

- depolarization and repolarization

Question 36

Action potential

Answer 36

- long distance signaling - spends the entire length of the neuron - rapid - positive feedback

Question 37

Mechanically gated channels

Answer 37

- stretching or other mechanical deformation Ex. Touch

Question 38

Chemically gated channels

Answer 38

- change conformation in response to the binding of specific chemical messengers in a membrane receptor Ex. Neurotransmitters

Question 39

Thermally gated channels

Answer 39

- local changes in temp

Question 40

Types of gated channels

Answer 40

- voltage - chemically - mechanically, temperature

Question 41

Gated channels

Answer 41

- prevent ion passage through channels - change in three dimensional shape of the protein to open/close

Question 42

Graded potential

Answer 42

- short distance signaling - variable strength