Chapter 4: CNS Flashcards
1
Q
Glial cells of the PNS
A
- satellite cells
- Schwann cells
2
Q
Satellite cess
A
Form capsule around the cell body
3
Q
Schwann cells
A
- form myelin
- provides neurotrophic factors (growth)
4
Q
Glial cells of the CNS
A
- oligodendrocytes
- astrocytes
- microglia
- epidymal cells
5
Q
Oligodendrocytes
A
Forms myelin
6
Q
Astrocytes
A
- secretes paracrine signals
- forms tight junctions (BBB)
- provide neurotrophic nature
7
Q
Microglia
A
- brains immune cells
- scavengers
8
Q
What happens if microglia are overactive
A
Damage to the brain cells
- alztimers, dementia, AIDS, MS
9
Q
Ependymal cells
A
- secrete cerebral spinal fluid
- act as stem cells
10
Q
What is the infection of the meninges
A
Menigitis
11
Q
Dura mater
A
- tough outer membrane
- houses veins
12
Q
Pia mater
A
- innermost layer
- houses arteries
13
Q
How many times a day is cerebrospinal fluid
A
3 times
125-150ml each time it is made
14
Q
What does cerebrospinal fluid do chemically
A
- increases sodium allows communication
15
Q
What does cerebrospinal fluid do at the physical value
A
- shock absorber
- reduces to weight of the brain tissue by increasing buoyancy
16
Q
What is the blood brain barrier produced by
A
- astrocytes
17
Q
BBB
A
- tight junction secreted
- selectively transported
18
Q
What is a diseas of the BBB
A
- Parkinson’s disease
19
Q
Parkinson’s disease
A
BBB
- loses dopeninergic neurons
Treatment: leva-dopa
20
Q
Where is there an absence of BBB
A
- vomiting center
- hypothalamus
21
Q
What is the werneckis area responsible for
A
Language comprehension
22
Q
What is the Broca’s area responsible for
A
Formation of speech
23
Q
Receptive aphasia
A
Cannot attach meaning to words
24
Q
Expressive aphasia
A
- no sentence formation
- no syntax
25
Corpus collosum
- connects the. Cerebral hemispheres
- information highway
26
Occipital lobe
Visual
27
Temporal lobe
- sound
- located by the ears
28
Parietal lobe
- sensory
- located at the top of the brain
29
Frontal lobe
- voluntary activity such as speech and thought
30
What is lateral dominance
One hemisphere if the cerebrum is more dominate
31
Left lateral dominance
- 95% right handed
- language, math, thinkers, logical, analytical, sequential, fragmented
32
Right lateral dominance
- left handed
- artists, creative, musical, holistic
33
Central sulcus
Divides the parietal lobe and frontal lobe
34
What is the higher cortex
- paritetal lobe
- frontal lobe
35
Primary motor cortex
- located in the frontal lobe
36
Somatosensory cortex
- temperature, pressure, touch, proprioception
37
Association areas
- prefrontal association cortex
- Parsifal- temporal - occipital association cortex
- limbic association cortex
38
Prefrontal association cortex
- site if working memory
- responsible for decision making, creativity, personality traits
- site of voluntary activity
39
Parietal- occipital- temporal association area
- gives us the complete picture
40
Limbic association cortex
- motivation, learning and memory
41
Diseases of the nasal nuclei
- Parkinson’s disease
- Huntington disease
- Tourette’s
- OCD
42
Parkinson’s disease
- loss of dopamine in the nasal nuclei
Symptoms: resting tremors, gait walking, reptilian stare, difficult movements, rigidity
43
Huntingtons disease
- progressive genetic disease of the nasal nuclei
Symptoms: exacerbated movements, twitching, cognition loss, dementia, wheelchair bound
44
Torettes
Disease of the basal nuclei
45
OCD
Disease of the basal nuclei
46
Thalamus
- acts as a relay station
- sensory stimuli ( except smell)
- awareness
- stimuli of special interest
47
Hypothalamus
- link between the nervous and endocrine system
- fight or flight response
- negative and positive feedback
- satiety center (eating)
- body temp
48
Pineal gland
- circadian rhythm
- melatonin
49
Posterior pituitary gland makes
- oxytocin
- vasopressin (ADH)
50
Oxytocin
- child birth positive feedback
- releases collestrum
51
Vasopressin
ADH ( anti- diuretic hormone)
- controls kidneys and blood pressure
52
Spinocerebellum
- fine, precise movements
- intentions of cortex
- correct deviations of muscles
- enhances muscle tone
- voluntary movements
53
Cerebri cerebellum
- planning
- procedural memories (repetitive actions)
54
Vestibulocerebellum
- equalinrum and balance
- inner ear
- controls eye movements
55
Medulla oblongata
- blood pressure
- swallowing
- vomiting center
- breathing
56
Pons
- breathing
- connects
57
Midbrain
- eye reflexes and movement
- auditory
58
Cingulate gyrus
- emotional gestures
59
Fornix
- recall memory
60
Hippocampus
- site of declarative memories
- site of formation of new neurons
* lost in Alzheimer’s patients
61
Amygdala
- fear (fight-or-flight)
- “ butterflies in the stomach”
- responsible for emotional drinking
62
Dorsal horn
- afferent neurons coming in
- site used by pathogens to hide
63
Lateral horn
- efferent neurons leave
64
Cauda equina
“ hourses tail”
- CSF retrieval
65
Site of epidurals
- Cauda equina
66
Inate reflexes
- baninskis reflex
- sucking
- Moro
- landay
67
Baninskis reflex
Negative: scrunch toes
* disappears at approx. 2
68
Moro
Starteling
69
Landay reflex
- tendency of baby to come towards you
70
Learned / aquifer / conditioned reflex
- withdraw reflex
- crossed extensor reflex
71
CNS consists of
Brain and spinal cord
72
PNS consists of
Nerves
73
Affrent division
Carries information to the CNS
74
Efferent division
- communicates instructions from the CNS to the effector organs
75
Somatic nervous system
- supply the skeletal muscles
76
ANS
Consists of nerve fibres that innervate the smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
77
Interneurons
- lie in between afferent and efferent neurons
- integrates peripheral responses to peripheral information
78
Arachnoid mater
- highly vascular
79
Subarachnoid space
Filled with CSF
80
Choroid plexus
- forms CSF
81
Hydrocephalus
- excess CSF
