Chapter 3

Question 1

organic chemistry

Answer 1

the chemistry of living organisms

Question 2

inorganic chemistry

Answer 2

the chemistry of nonliving matter

Question 3

biomolecules

Answer 3

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 4

functional group

Answer 4

a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way

Question 5

functional groups

Answer 5

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate

Question 6

isomers

Answer 6

organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different arranggements of atoms

Question 7

polymers

Answer 7

carbs, proteins, nucleic acids. they are constructed by linking together a large number of the same type of subunit called a monomer

Question 8

dehydration reaction

Answer 8

water molecules are formed as biomolecules are synthesized

Question 9

hydrolysis reaction

Answer 9

hydrolytic reactions break down biomolecules by adding water to them

Question 10

carbohydrates

Answer 10

an immediate energy source in living organisms. have a carbon-to-hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio of 1:2:1

Question 11

monosaccharides

Answer 11

consist of only a single sugar molecule and are commonly called simple sugars. can have a carbon backbone of 3-7 carbons. large number of hydroxyl groups and soluble in water.

Question 12

glucose

Answer 12

C6H12O6, critical to biological function and is the major source of cellular fuel for all living organisms. glucose is the molecule that is broken down and converted into stored chemical energy (ATP) during cellular respiration in nearly all organisms

Question 13

ribose & deoxyribose

Answer 13

five carbon atoms, are pentose sugars that are significant because they make up the structural backbone, respectively, in the nucleic acids RNA and DNA

Question 14

disaccharide

Answer 14

contains two monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration rxn

Question 15

polysaccharides

Answer 15

long polymers of monosaccharides

Question 16

starch

Answer 16

plants store a large amount of glucose in the form of starch

Question 17

glycogen

Answer 17

animals store a large amount of glucose in the form of glycogen

Question 18

cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan

Answer 18

structural polysaccharides include cellulose in plants, chitin in animals and fungi, and peptidoglycan in bactera

Question 19

lipids

Answer 19

these compounds are insoluble in water due to their hydrocarbon chains

Question 20

fats

Answer 20

more formally called triglycerides, are the primary lipid used by animals for both insulation and long-term energy storage

Question 21

oils

Answer 21

triglycerides in plants are commonly referred to as oils

Question 22

triglycerides

Answer 22

composed of fatty acids and glycerol subunits. each fatty acid consists of a long hydrocarbon chain with an even number of carbons and a -COOH (carboxyl) group at one end.

Question 23

saturated fatty acids

Answer 23

lack double bonds between the carbon atoms and contain as many hydrogens as they can hold

Question 24

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 24

have double bonds in the carbon chain, which reduces the number of bonded hydrogen atoms

Question 25

trans fat

Answer 25

a triglyceride that has at least one bond in a trans configuration.

Question 26

glycerol

Answer 26

a 3-carbon compound with three -OH groups

Question 27

proteins

Answer 27

of primary importance to the structure and function of cells. some of their functions include: metabolism, support, transport, defense, regulation, and motion

Question 28

amino acid

Answer 28

one of the functional groups in the amino acid iis -NH2 (an amino group). Proteins are polymers constructed from amino acid monomers

Question 29

peptide bond

Answer 29

the resulting covalent bond between two amino acids is called a peptide bond. the atoms associated with the peptide bond share the electrons unevenly, because oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen.

Question 30

peptide

Answer 30

two or more amino acids bonded together

Question 31

polypeptide

Answer 31

a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide

Question 32

primary structure of a protein

Answer 32

a linear sequence of amino acids

Question 33

secondary structure of a protein

Answer 33

when the polypeptide coils or folds in a particular way

Question 34

tertiary structure

Answer 34

the folding that results in the final 3D shape of a polypeptide

Question 35

quaternary structure

Answer 35

they consist of more than one polypeptide

Question 36

nucleic acids

Answer 36

composed of nucleotides and have the ability to store information, including the instructions for life, and conduct chemical reactions

Question 37

DNA

Answer 37

one type of nucleic acid that not only stores info about how to copy, or replicate itself but also specifies the order in which amino acids are joined to make a protein

Question 38

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Answer 38

another diverse type of nucleic acid that has multiple uses

Question 39

coenzymes

Answer 39

nonprotein organic molecules that help regulate enzymatic reactions

Question 40

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 40

a nucleotide that stores large amounts of energy needed for cellular reactions and for various other energy-requiring processes in the cell

Question 41

nucleotide

Answer 41

comprised of 3 types of molecules: pentose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen containing base

Question 42

complementary base pairign

Answer 42

In DNA Thyme (T) and Adenine (A) are paired, and Guanine (G) is paired with Cytosine (C)

Question 43

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 43

a nucleotide comprised of adenine and ribose and three phosphates

Question 44

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

Answer 44

in cells, hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate bond produces the molecule ADP, a phosphate moleccule and lots of energy that is used for cellular work