chapter 3 Flashcards
(32 cards)
Development
a process that brings about changes in economic prosperity and quality of life
Gross domestic product (GDP)
a monetary measure of the market value pf all goods and services produced within a country over a given time period (usually one year)
Gross national product (GNP)
a monetary measure of the market value of all goods and services produced within a country, plus those produced by individuals or corporations (of that country) operating elsewhere, over a given time period (usually one year)
Ethnocentrism
a form of prejudice or stereotyping that presumes that one’s own culture is normal and natural and that all others are inferior
Eurocentrism
a view that places the historical experience of Europe (and its descendants) as the benchmark for all comparisons; a form of ethnocentrism
Gross national income (GNI)
A monetary measure of the market value of goods and services produced within a country, plus income from investments abroad, over a given period (usually one year).
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
A tool that measures the relative cost of a common market basket of goods and services for comparing cost of living between countries
Human Development Index (HDI)
A numerical measure of how well basic human needs are being met; a composite index incorporating health (life expectancy), education (years of schooling), and income (gross national income per capita)
two explaination for global inequalities
- the shape of continents; less isolated country, eventual spread of technologies to Europe
- unequal relations establish during european colonial expansion; creates two division, dominant (core), and dependent countries (periphery)
neoliberal theory
free and unregulated market, and removal of barriers to trade
Why does poverty/underdevelopment exist? Poorly implemented macro-economic policies
Answer to the problem of poverty/underdevelopment? Liberalize economies, 1. Neo-liberal market reforms (SAPs?) 2. Deregulation within the economy (free market)
1. reduce amount for gov control over prices
2. privatize state owned compagnies
3. reduce gov spending on public services, like health care
4. liberalize labour lost, dont allow working union, no benefit, no right to strike, cheap labour
5. liberalize foreign investment regulation, reduce, dumping sell below the cost, undercut local production, by getting the price of under product higher
Why does poverty/underdevelopment exist?
Poorly implemented macro-economic policies
Dependency theory
creates two divisions, dominant (core), dependent countries (periphery), product of colonialism
Why does underdevelopment exist? Core exploits and « underdevelops » the periphery for access to cheap resources and labour
Role of MNCs is critical, exploit the poor for profit
Why does underdevelopment exist?
Core exploits and « underdevelops » the periphery for access to cheap resources and labor
world systems theory
immanuel wallerstein, A set of ideas centered around the notion that the world is an interdependent system of countries linked together by an economic and political competition that shapes relations between core (more developed), semiperipheral (less developed), and peripheral (least developed) countries
how is food shortages are both caused by and contribute to poverty
While famine, the body, including the brain, cannot develop fully
Undernutrition
A dietary condition in which an individual consumes a quantity of food insufficient to sustain normal and healthy life; sometimes referred to as undernourishment
Malnutrition
An umbrella category of dietary conditions, including undernutrition and overnutrition, in which an individual’s dietary needs are not being met, through too little food, too much food, or the wrong balance of foods (nutrients, vitamins, protein, and so on)
Three factors of food shortages
- Overpopulation: number of people in the world
- Inadequate distribution of available supplies: the transportation infrastructure to guarantee the appropriate movement of food
- Physical or human circumstances: flooding and war
causes of food shortage
- vast majority of those remaining in agriculture cannot compete with the handful of commercial farms that can benefit from technological advances
- bad governement;
1. a prolonged period of underinvestment in rural areas
2. refugee problems stemming from political instability related to conflict
3. HIV/AIDS and other diseases depriving families of productive members and damaging family structures
4. continued population growth because of high birth rates - Aid is often directed to urban areas, even though the greatest need is usually in rural areas; indeed, much donated food goes to governments, which then sell it for profit, moves money from poor people in rich countries to rich people in poor countries
Refugee
An individual forced to flee their home country in the face of persecution (religious, ethnic, political, etc.) or other threats to safety, such as war, natural disaster, or political instability
Asylum seekers
are people who have left their home country and have applied for refugee status in some other country
Returnees
are refugees who are in the process of returning home
Internally displaced person (IDP)
An individual forced to flee their home in the face of persecution (religious, ethnic, political, etc.) or other threats to safety (war, natural disaster, political instability, etc.); unlike a refugee, they do not leave their home country
where is the biggest refugee emergency of our time
syria, six millions
