Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

343 Pharm Exam 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Once a drug is administered, what two phases occur?

A

Pharmacokinetic phase
Pharmacodynamic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a pharmacokinetic phase?

A

What the body does to the drug, describes movement of the drug through the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 steps in pharmacokinetic ?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does pharmacodynamic phase mean?

A

What the drug does to the body, involves receptor binding, postreceptor effects and chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does drug absorption mean?

A

The movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does dissolution mean?

A

Disintegrate the tablet or drug with a combination of liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does excipients mean?

A

Items like honey, syrup that are used in a drug to help it dissolve more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

There are some drugs like enteric coated that have resist disintegration in the gastric acid of the stomach

So instead, disintegration doesn’t happen until when?

A

It reaches a more alkaline environment like the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most oral drugs enter the bloodstream after absorption across the mucosal lining of the small intestine.

What is this small intestine epithelial lining covered in? And what is its job?

A

Villi
Increased surface area for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does absorption occur in the muscosal lining of the small intestine? (3)

A

Passive transport
Active transport
Pinocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

passive transport happens in two processes name them and what they do?

A

Diffusion
- drugs move from high to low concentration

Facilitated diffusion
- carriers protein move from high to low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Does passive transport need energy?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is active transport ?

A

Enzyme or protein move the drug against concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Does active transport need energy for active absorption?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Process by which cells carry a drug across their membranes by engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is first pass effect or first pass metabolism?

A

Where the liver metabolizes a drug into an inactive state and then are excreted out, reducing the effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the absorption of oral drugs work?

A

Oral -> GI -> intestine -> liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is bioavailability mean?

A

Percentage of administered drug available for activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does distribution mean?

A

Movement of the drug from the circulation into the body tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some things drug distribution is influenced by?

A

Vascular permeability
Blood flow
PH
Cardiac output
Tissue perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does highly protein bound drugs mean?
Example?

A

Drugs that are more than 90% going to bind with a protein

Warfarin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does weakly protein bound drugs mean?
Example?

A

Drugs less than 10% bound to a protein
Metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The portion of the drug that binds with the protein is inactive, meaning ?

A

It is not available to interact with tissue receptors, ultimately not being able to exert a pharmacologic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The portion of the drug that doesn’t bind with the protein is known as ?

A

Free drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Since free drugs are not bound to a protein, they do what?
Are able to exit the blood vessel, reach site of action and cause a pharmacologic response
26
What is a blood brain barrier ?
Blood vessels in the brain that are pressed together and protects the brain from forgein substances
27
What does metabolism mean?
Process by which the body chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted
28
What is the primary site of metabolism?
Liver
29
If it takes 5 mins for a drug to be absorbed how long should it take?
Really fast! 5mins probably !
30
What is the fastest and slowest form of drug to get in the body?
IV Oral
31
We want to be careful with giving 2 protein bound together because?
They will compete for protein sites and potentially have too much active drug circulating ( toxic )
32
What can cross the blood brain barrier?
Lipid soluble drug
33
Is a placenta an absolute barrier to the passage of drugs?
No!!!
34
Why do we have to be careful with pregnant mothers with medications?
Because most can cause over to the baby and affect the baby And mom!
35
Which crosses the placenta and which doesn’t? Lipid and protein? Think of which gets into the brain?
Lipid do cross Protein dont!
36
If the mother is an opioid/tobbacco addicted, what will happen to the baby?
The baby will be born drug dependent and we need weaned off of it
37
What is the system that helps metabolize the drug in the liver to help excrete it out?
P450 system
38
What is a prodrug?
Nothing happens until it is metabolized ( it works opposite ! )
39
What does half life mean for medication?
How much time does the body take to get rid of half of dose of medication
40
Why is half life important? Give an example 24-36hours Once a day
It determines how much and how often you give the medication
41
What does steady state mean?
When the amount of drug being administered is the same as the amount of drug being eliminated Usually happens after the 4th round
42
However sometimes patients can’t wait for steady state of a drug, take an example of a seizure patient, they have to wait 22 hours?!? Instead we are going to do a ______ Which is?
Loading dose A larger dose than needed
43
A loading dose can help patients how?
To reach a steady state and still receive therapeutic effects And when they do, they can go back to normal routine
44
What are some things that can decrease metabolism?
Cardiovascular dysfunction Renal insufficiency Starvation Obstructive jaundice Slow acetylator Ketoconazole therapy ( fungal infection )
45
What are 4 things that help increase factors of metabolism?
Fast acetylator Barbiturate yherapy Rifampin therapy Phenytoin therapy ( seizure )
46
Where does the drug excrete from?(6)
Kidney Liver Lungs Saliva Sweat Breast
47
Why is it important to know where and if our patient has some disease like kidney disease the drug is being excreted?
Then there kidneys aren’t filtering there substances Meaning that won’t be able to excrete it, it can be toxic Cause kidney can’t filter it out
48
Just because it is okay to give medication to someone is pregnant ( like a pregnant medication ) does it mean it’s okay to give it to them when breast feeding after baby is born?
NO!!! It passes to the baby and harms them
49
What does pharmacodynamics mean?
Study of the way drugs affect the body
50
What is the primary effect of pharmacodynamics? What is the secondary effect of pharmacodynamics?
Desirable response Desirable or undesirable ( side effect )
51
It’s important to note that the reason why sometimes we may give a medication may not be for the primary effect ( desirable response ) but instead for?
The secondary effect ( that’s why on many medications there are other indications as well )
52
What does dose response relationship mean?
The body physiologic response to changes in drug concentration at the site of action
53
What is potency? An example?
Amount of drug needed to elicit a specific response to a drug Fentanyl has high potency so we give very low dose
54
What does maximal efficacy mean?
Where we max out the drug usage or dose that it doesn’t provide any more therapeutic benefits
55
What does therapeutic index mean?
Therapeutic dose and therapeutic toxic that helps a therapeutic effect
56
Give me an example In where we would use the therapeutic index? And why?
Warfarin Because it can suppress toxic and kill patient so we want to keep them safe
57
For a therupetic index to be safe and administered to a patient, we must make sure of what? And explain it more
Therapeutic range ( Where plasma drug levels are in that range and won’t cause adverse effects )
58
What does onset mean?
How long the drug is taking to work
59
What does peak mean?
The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response
60
What does duration mean?
The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit to a therapeutic response ( how long it works )
61
Sometimes we have to monitor a patients therupetic ranges because it can either be good or toxic In which we do a what?
Peak & trough
62
What is a peak & trough?
Peak is highest plasma concentration of drug at a time (30-60minsIV after infusion ends) Trough is the lowest plasma concentration of drug (Drawn just before the next dose)
63
What is a receptor theory? To what? (3)
Drugs act by binding to receptors Activate, produce response, inactive a receptor
64
What is agonists? To produce what?
Medications that activate receptors to produce desired response
65
What is partial agonists? To prevent what?
Medications that elicit only moderate actively when binding to receptors Prevent receptor activation by other drugs
66
What is antagonist ? Block what?
Prevent receptor activation Block response ( turn it off )
67
What is a nonspecific drug effect?
It affects multiple receptors sites ( affects the same type of receptors )
68
What is a nonselected drug effect?
Affect multiple receptors ( affects multiple body systems )
69
Notes Mechanism of drug action Stimulation Depression Irritation Replacement Cytotoxic action Antimicrobial action Modification of immune status
70
What does side effect means?
Things we didn’t intend to do ( may be a yeast infection, but it’s unpleasant !! )
71
What is an adverse reaction mean?
Allergy We didn’t expect it and it’s undesirable effect
72
What does drug toxicity mesn?
Too much drug
73
What does tolerance mean?
Getting use to a medication overtime You have ro give a higher dose to achieve same therapeutic effect
74
What is tachyphylaxis?
Acute Rapid decrease in response to a drug It works but then stops ( change medication most of the time )
75
What is placebo effect?
Sugar pill It’s fake
76
Why do we have to be careful of medication?
Because of drug interactions ( positive or negative ! Be careful )
77
What does additive drug effect mean?
Two drugs work together ( but they work fine alone )
78
What does synergistic drug mean?
Two drugs together work so much better than them being by themselves
79
What is antagonistic drug effect?
One drug reduced or blocks the other drug ( narcan antagonistic to opioid )
80
What is drug nutrient interactions?
Food increase, decreases or delay drug response
81
What is drug laboratory interactions?
Drug may cause misinterpretation of test results ( think of like iron meds making poop black, then when you want a poop exam, it changes the test results )
82
What is drug induced photosensitivity ?
Drug induced skin reaction cause by sunlight exposure

343 Pharm Exam 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions