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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 3 important things for understanding cells?

A

The workings of the human body
Mechanisms of disease
Rationale of therapy

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2
Q

Robert Hooke…

A

Coined the word cellulae to describe empty cell walls of cork in the early 17th century.

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3
Q

Theodor Schwann concluded…

A

That all animals are made of cells.

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4
Q

Louis Pasteur demonstrated in 1859 that…

A

Cells arise only from other cells.

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5
Q

What are the 5 points of cell theory?

A

All organisms composed of cells and cell products.
Cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
An organism’s structure and functions are due to activities of cells.
Cells come only from preexisting cells.
Cells of all species exhibit biochemical similarities.

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6
Q

How many types of cells are in the human body?

A

200

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7
Q

Squamous cell

A

Thin, flat, scaly

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8
Q

Cuboidal cell

A

Squarish-looking

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9
Q

Columnar

A

Taller than wide

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10
Q

Polygonal cell

A

Irregularly angular shapes, multiple sides

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11
Q

Stellate cell

A

Star-like

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12
Q

Spheroid to ovoid

A

Round to oval

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13
Q

Discoidal

A

Disc-shaped

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14
Q

Fusiform

A

Thick in middle, tapered toward the ends.

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15
Q

Fibrous

A

Thread-like

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16
Q

A cell’s shape can appear…

A

Different if viewed in a different type of section (longitudinal VS cross section)

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17
Q

Most human cells are what length in diameter?

A

10-15 micrometers

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18
Q

What are 3 human cells you can see without a microscope?

A

Egg cells, some nerve cells, and osteoclast cells.

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19
Q

Why is there a limit on cell size?

A

An overly large cell cannot support itself; it may rupture.

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20
Q

For a given increase in diameter, volume…

A

Increases more than surface area

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21
Q

Volume of cell is proportional to…

A

Cube of diameter

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22
Q

Surface area of cell is proportional to…

A

Square of diameter

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23
Q

Light microscope (LM) revealed…

A

The plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

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24
Q

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) improved…

A

Resolution (ability to reveal detail)

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25
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) improved…
Resolution further, but only for surface features
26
H & E stain turns the cytoplasm ____ and the nucleus _____.
Cytoplasm = Pink Nucleus = blue/purple
27
What is the plasma (cell) membrane?
The outer limiting layer of the cell. It surrounds the cell and defines the boundaries.
28
What is the plasma (cell) membrane made of?
Proteins and lipids
29
What is cytoplasm?
Gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell.
30
What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Includes any fluid outside of cells.
31
What are some examples of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Tissue (interstitial) fluid, blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid. Blood is also an ECF.
32
Why are the basic parts of a cell?
The plasma (cell membrane), the nucleus, and the cytoplasm.
33
Describe the plasma (cell) membrane.
It is flexible, thin, 7-10nm in thickness, and a sturdy barrier between the inside and the outside of a cell.
34
What 2 things do you ALWAYS have to remember about plasma (cell) membrane?
Semipermeable, and fluid mosaic model
35
Cell membranes are semipermeable, meaning…
Molecules can move through them.
36
What is fluid mosaic model?
It describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components - including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates - that gives the membrane a fluid character
37
What is the nucleus?
It is the command/control center of a cell
38
All cells have a…
Nucleus with a few exceptions
39
Cells usually have 1 nuclei so they are…
Uninucleate
40
A cell with no nucleus is called…
Anucleate. Examples are RBC (red blood cells) and platelets.
41
What is cytosol?
It is the solution part of the cell. Also called the intercellular fluid.
42
How much of the cells is made up of cytosol?
60%
43
What is cytoplasm composed of?
Cytosol and organelles
44
What are organelles and what do they look like?
Organelles are itsy bitsy structures that look like mini factories. They look like little organs.
45
What are the 10 different organelles?
Mitochondria Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteosomes Centrioles Cytoskeleton
46
When viewed with an electron microscope, plasma (cell) membrane appears as…
A pair of dark parallel lines
47
Plasma (cell) membrane has ______ faces and _______ faces.
Intercellular faces and extracellular faces.
48
What are the 3 functions of the plasma membrane?
Defines cell boundaries Governs interactions with other cells Controls passage of materials in and out of cell.
49
98% of the plasma (cell) membrane molecules are…
Lipids
50
What are lipids?
Fats
51
75% plasma (cell) membrane lipids are…
Phospholipids
52
A plasma membrane is made up of ___ layers of _____ called the _____.
2 layers of phospholipids called the bilayer
53
Amphipathic molecules arranged in a bilayer means…
There is a water loving and water hating phospholipid in the same layer.
54
The heads on phospholipids are…
Hydrophilic
55
Hydrophilic means…
Water loving
56
The tails on phospholipids are…
Hydrophobic
57
Hydrophobic means…
Water hating
58
Phospholipids drift _____, keeping the membrane _____.
Laterally, fluid
59
What are the 3 lipids?
Phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids
60
Phospholipids make up ___ of the membrane layer.
75%
61
Cholesterol makes up ___ of the membrane layer.
20%
62
Glycolipids make up ___ of the membrane layer.
5%
63
What does cholesterol do?
They hold phospholipids still and can stiffen the membrane.
64
Cholesterol looks like…
4 ring-like structures linked.
65
Cholesterol are _____ in between the ________.
Wedged, fatty acid tails
66
____ of cholesterol needed for all cells is created by the _____.
85%, liver
67
Glycolipids are only found on…
The extracellular surface of a cell
68
Glycolipids are…
Nothing but sugars attached to liquid.
69
Glycolipids are attached to…
The fatty acid tails
70
Glycolipids look like…
Tree branches. 8 ring-like structures linked.
71
Glycolipids + glycoproteins =
Glycocalyx
72
What is glycocalyx?
Carbohydrate coating on cell surface. It helps with understanding.
73
What is the body structure of lipids (fats)?
Glycerol with 3 fatty acid tails
74
Phospholipids have ___ fatty acid tails and a ______
2, phosphate
75
2% of cells are made of…
Proteins
76
Proteins are the ________ of any cell.
Functioning units
77
What are glycoproteins?
Integral or transmembrane proteins
78
What do glycoproteins do?
Penetrate the membrane.
79
What is the main job of peripheral proteins?
Structural support
80
Function of the membrane proteins include:
Receptors, enzymes, channels, carriers, cell-identity markers, and cell-adhesion molecules.
81
What are the function of receptors?
They bind chemical signals. Allows chemical to sit.
82
What are the functions of the enzymes?
They speed up a chemical reaction. They are not destroyed in the process.
83
What are the functions of channel proteins?
They allow hydrophilic particles and water to come in and out of the membrane.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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