EXAM 2 Flashcards
(242 cards)
1
Q
Histology
A
The study of tissues
2
Q
What are the 4 basic tissue types in the human body?
A
Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle.
3
Q
Epithelial tissue ______ body surfaces and _____body cavities, forms _________, and is __________.
A
Covers, lines, all glands, avascular.
4
Q
What are the 6 functions of epithelial tissue?
A
Protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation.
5
Q
Protection function of epithelial tissue
A
Protects deeper tissues from injury and infection.
6
Q
Secretion function of epithelial tissue
A
Produces and releases mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and other substances.
7
Q
Epithelial tissue excretion function
A
Voids waste from the tissues.
8
Q
Absorption function of epithelial tissue
A
Absorbs chemicals, such as nutrients.
9
Q
Filtration function of epithelial tissue
A
All substances leaving the body are selectively filtered by an epithelium.
10
Q
Epithelial tissue sensation function
A
Nerve endings in epithelia detect stimuli.
11
Q
What is connective tissue?
A
Most common tissue and highly variable vascular.
12
Q
Loose connective tissue has ____ blood vessels
A
Many
13
Q
Cartilage has ____ blood vessels
A
No
14
Q
What are the 8 functions of connective tissue?
A
Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transport.
15
Q
Binding of organs function of connective tissue
A
Connect one bone to another, muscles to bones, skin to muscle, and holds organs in place.
16
Q
Support function of connective tissue
A
Supports the body and it’s organs, forms internal framework of organs.
17
Q
Physical protection function of connective tissue
A
Protects and cushions delicate organs
18
Q
Immune protection function of connective tissue
A
Connective tissue cells attack foreign invaders
19
Q
Connective tissue movement function
A
Bones provide lever system for body movement
20
Q
Storage function of connective tissue
A
Maintains stores of fat, calcium, and phosphorus.
21
Q
Heat production of connective tissue
A
Metabolism of brown fat generates heat
22
Q
Transport function of connective tissue
A
Blood transport gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and blood cells.
23
Q
Muscle tissue is specialized to ________ when ________, exerting a ________ on other ______, ______, or ________. Also an important source of __________.
A
Contract, stimulated, physical force, tissues, organs, fluid. Body heat.
24
Q
What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?
A
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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Excitability
Ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential
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Nervous and muscular tissues are ______ tissues.
Excitable tissues
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What is nervous tissue?
Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals.
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What are the general features of epithelial tissue?
Avascular, basement membrane, apical surface, lateral surface, and basal surface.
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Epithelial tissue is avascular meaning…
It is also _________ by the __________________.
Has no blood vessels, nourished by underlying connective tissue.
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Secretion in epithelial tissue…
Produces and releases mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and other substances.
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Absorption in epithelial tissue…
Absorbs chemicals, such as nutrients.
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Epithelial tissue rests on the…
Basement membrane
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What is epithelial basement membrane?
The basement membrane is made up of 2 layers: basal lamina and reticular lamina.
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The basal lamina is made up of _____ and it is ______.
Glycoproteins and it is acellular
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The reticular lamina is…
The underlying connective tissue attached to the basal portion.
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What is the apical surface of epithelial?
It faces away from the basement membrane (faces the lumen). The apical portion is free.
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The apical surface has these fingers called…
Microvilli
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The microvilli have eyelash looking things called…
Cilia
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You only see sodium glucose transporters at the…
Apical portion
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What is the lateral surface of epithelial? It is also called _______.
The surface between the basal and apical surfaces. Its called the “sidewall”.
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What is the basal surface of epithelial?
It faces the basement membrane. The basal portion is attached.
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You only see Na K ATP pump at the…
Basal portion.
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Simple epithelial have how many layers?
1 layer
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Stratified epithelial have how many layers?
Many layers
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Pseudostratified epithelial have how many layers?
Falsely appear to have many layers, but only has 1 layer.
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Simple squamous cell shapes are…
Thin, scaly cells, and nucleus is squished. They have a fried egg appearance.
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Stratified squamous cell shapes are…
Deepest cells are cuboidal to columnar.
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Simple cuboidal cell shapes are…
Squarish or round cells, equal length and equal width, and nucleus is round like a bead. String of bead appearance.
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Simple columnar cell shapes are…
Tall, narrow cells, and nucleus is oval/elongated.
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Transitional (urothelium) cell shapes look like… Why is it called transitional?
stratified squamous, but not as many layers. Topmost layer of cells change, which is why it is called transitional.
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Simple squamous permits _________ or _______ of substances, and secretes _________.
Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, and secretes serous fluid.
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Simple squamous are found in areas where ______ and _______ is required. Found in…
Diffusion and filtration. Found in capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli, and serous
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Serous (visceral and parietal layer) is lined by…
Simple squamous
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Capillaries
Blood vessels
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Alveoli
Air sac in the lungs
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Stratified squamous is…
Filled with a protein called keratin which makes it waterproof and nonadhesive.
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What are the two kinds of stratified squamous?
Keratinized and non-keratinized
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What do keratinized stratified squamous look like?
Multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly towards the surface.
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Function of keratinized stratified squamous
Resists abrasion, retards water lost through skin, resists penetration by pathogenic organisms.
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Where are keratinized stratified squamous found?
Found on the skin surface (epidermis).
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What do non-keratinized stratified squamous look like?
Same as keratinized stratified squamous, but without the surface layer of dead cells.
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Non-keratinized stratified squamous function
Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens.
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Where are non-keratinized stratified squamous found?
Found on tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina.
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Simple cuboidal function
Absorption and secretion, mucus production, and movement.
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All glands are what kind of cells?
Simple cuboidal
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Where are simple cuboidal found?
Found in liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubes.
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Simple columnar function
Absorption and secretion (secretion of mucus).
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Where are simple columnar found?
They line the digestive tract (GI tract) only from the stomach to the anal canal. Also found in the uterus, kidneys, and uterine tubes.
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Function of transitional (urothelium)
Allows for filling of the urinary tract
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Where are transitional (urothelium) found?
Found only in the urinary tract
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Endothelium is a _______ layer of _____ called __________ cells that line your ____________ and ___________. They help them ______ and ________ and aid in _________.
Single, cells, endothelial cells, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels. Contract, relax, blood flow.
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Mesothelium is a layer of ____ that _____ and _______ organs and tissues in the body. Organs examples:
Cells, covers, protects * the lungs, abdomen, heart, and testes.
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What is the roll of goblet cells?
Cells that make mucus. They make a protein mucin; it combines with water to make mucus. Mucin + water = mucus
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Gland is a _____ or _____ that secretes substances for use __________________ or releases them for ____________________.
Cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body.
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Endocrine glands have ___ ducts but do have many ______________. They discrete _____ directly into ______.
No, blood capillaries; hormones, blood.
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Examples of endocrine glands (3)
Thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands
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Exocrine glands _______ their contact with _____________ by way of _____. Surfaces can be ________ or ___________.
Maintain, surface of epithelium, duct. External or internal
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Example of external exocrine glands
Sweat glands, tear glands
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Example of internal exocrine glands
Pancreas gland, salivary glands
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Eccrine (merocrine) glands ________ their products by __________.
Release, exocytosis.
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Examples of eccrine (merocrine) glands
Tear, pancreas, and gastric
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Apocrine secretion is _______ droplet covered by _______ and ________ buds from cell _______.
Lipid, membrane, cytoplasm, surface.
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Example of apocrine secretion
Mode of milk fat secretion by mammary gland cells
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Holocrine secretion
Cells accumulate a product and entire cell disintegrates. Secretes a mixture of cell fragments and synthesizes substances.
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Examples of holocrine secretion
Oil glands of scalp and skin, and glands of eyelids
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General features of connective tissue
Most cells are not in contact with each other, and connective tissue has a highly variable vascularity
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What is the most common tissue out of the 4 tissues types?
Connective tissue
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Loose connective tissues have…
Many blood vessels
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Cartilage has…
No blood vessels
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8 Major functions of connective tissue
Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, heat production, storage, and transport.
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Binding of organs in connective tissue
Connects one bone to another, connects muscles to bones, connects skin to muscles, and holds organs in place.
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Support in connective tissue
Supports the body and it’s organs, forms internal framework of organs.
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Physical protection in connective tissue
Protects and cushions delicate organs
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Immune protection in connective tissue
Connective tissue cells attack foreign invaders
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Movement in connective tissue
Bones provide lever system for body movement
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Storage in connective tissue
Maintains stores of fat, calcium, and phosphorus
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Heat production in connective tissue
Metabolism of brown fat generates heat
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Transport in connective tissue
Blood transports gases, nutrients, waste, hormones, and blood cells
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Fibroblasts makes _____ for ___________________
ECM, fibrous connective tissue
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Adipocyteextracellular matrix
Areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries
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Ground substance
An unstructured material that fills the spaces between the cells. Holds water and large molecules (GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins)
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What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
Large molecules that are negatively charged and hold varied degree of water. Includes polysaccharides.
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Example of GAGs
Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin
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Fibers give ____________ to ____ in ____
structural support, cells, extracellular matrix
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Collagen are ______, _______, _________ fibers that resists ____________.
Long, thick, unbranched, stretching
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Collagen is also called ________ because…
White fibers because when they are first made they are white.
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Reticular tissue is similar to __________ but they are _______, ________, and they form a _______.
Collagen, thin, branched, network.
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Elastic is made of a ________ called ________. They ________ which means they ________ back when ___________.
Protein, elastin. Recoil, stretch, stretched.
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Elastic fibers are _____ in color so they are called ______ ________.
Yellow, yellow fibers
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Areolar tissue has _______, ________, _______, and __________. They are __________ organized fibers with abundant __________.
Fibroblast, accessory cells, ECM, ground substance. Loosely, blood vessels
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Where is areolar tissue found?
Found right underneath the skin (underlies epithelia), in serous membrane, between muscles, in passageways for nerves and blood vessels.
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Adipose tissue is mostly made up of _______. Have a ___________ appearance (nucleus pushed to the side). Also have a _____________ appearance because it is made up of mostly adipose cells.
Fat cells. Signet ring. Chicken wire.
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What are the 2 types of adipose tissue?
White (or yellow) adipose and brown adipose
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White adipose tissue (WAT or white fat) is the most _________ and _________ type in _______.
Abundant, significant, adults.
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Functions of white adipose tissue
Provides thermal insulation, cushions organs such as eyeballs and kidneys, secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, and provides energy storage.
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White adipose tissue looks like ______-looking cells with _________. ________ pressed against cell __________.
Empty-looking, thin margins; nucleus, membrane.
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Brown adipose tissue (BAT or brown fat) is mainly in…
Fetuses, infants and children up to 5 years old.
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Brown adipose tissue has a rich ________ and is a ______-generating tissue.
Blood supply, heat-generating
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Triglyceride means
Fat
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Quantity of fat in adipose tissue gets…
Recycled continuously
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Areolar tissue has __________ between the cells and the fibers
Lots of space
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Areolar tissue has lots of space, so fluid comes in and sits there. It is called…
Edema
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Brown adipose tissue is found in the
Anterolateral neck, anterior abdominal wall, and between the shoulder blades
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Reticular tissue is made up of _________ and _________.
Reticular fibers, fibroblasts
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Reticular tissue is usually stained with…
A silver stain
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Reticular tissue forms the ___________ for _________________
Forms framework for lymphatic organs
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Where is reticular tissue found?
Found in highly vascular organs like lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.
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Dense regular connective tissue are…
Densely packed (close together), have parallel collagen fibers, and have a compressed fibroblast nuclei.
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Dense regular connective tissue move…
In 1 direction
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Where are dense regular connective tissue found?
They are found in tendons. Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together.
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Dense irregular connective tissue
Fibers are pulled close by collagen fibers but are pulled in all different directions. They withstand unpredictable stresses.
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Where are dense irregular connective tissue found?
Found in the deeper layer of the skin (dermis of the skin); capsules around joints and organs
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Hyaline has ___________________ and no ________________.
Fine collagen fibers. No elastic fibers.
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What does hyaline look like?
Clear, glassy appearance because of fineness of collagen fibers.
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Function of hyaline: eases _________, holds _______ open, and moves ______ chords.
Joint movement, airways, vocal chords.
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What is the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline
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All respiratory cartilages are made up of…
Hyaline cartilage
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Where is hyaline found?
Found in articulate cartilage (at ends of bones, needed to reduce friction), costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, and fetal skeleton.
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All bones in the embryonic skeleton below the clavicle are made up of…
Hyaline cartilage
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Elastic cartilage connective tissue contains an ________ of _______ fibers. Covered with ___________.
Abundance, elastic. Perichondrium.
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Function of elastic
Provides flexible, elastic support
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Where is elastic cartilage found?
Found in external ear, epiglottis, and Eustachian tube/auditory tube/pharyngotympanic tube.
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What is the epiglottis?
Spoon shaped cartilage covering the glottis which is between the vocal cords. It directs water/food/air to its correct passageways.
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The epiglottis is also called…
The guardian of the airways
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Fibrocartilage contain large ___________ of ______________.
Large, course bundles of collagen fibers.
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Fibrocartilage resists ________ and absorbs _________.
Compression, shock
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Where is fibrocartilage found?
Found in between the vertebral bones, pubic symphysis, and mandibular symphysis.
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Mucous membrane
Lines the passages that open to the external environment. It’s a wet membrane and often has goblet cells.
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Example of a mucous membrane
Digestive tract
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Functions of mucous membrane
Absorption, secretion, and protection.
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Sublayers of mucous membrane
Epithelium, lamina propria (areolar tissue), and muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle).
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Mucous membranes epithelial tissue type
Simple columnar/pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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Mucous membrane connective tissue type
Areolar
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Serous membrane (serosa)
Lines some internal body cavities that do no open to the external environment. It’s a wet membrane.
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Serous membrane produces _______ that arises from _______. It ______ organs and ______ walls of body cavities.
Serous fluid, blood. Covers, lines
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Serous membrane epithelial tissue type is _________________ called a ___________ which ______ on a layer of __________ tissue
Simple squamous epithelium, mesothelium, rests, areolar
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Serous membrane connective tissue type
Areolar
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Serous membrane examples
Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
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Matrix (extracellular material) is composed of…
Fibrous proteins, and clear gel called ground substance.
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Ground substance is also known as…
Tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid, or tissue gel
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Zygote
A fertilized egg
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Gastrulation
A formation of a 3-layer embryonic disc. You have an outermost layer of cells (ectoderm), middle layer of cells (mesoderm), and the inner most layer of cells (endoderm).
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Our primary tissues arise from the…
3 germ layers
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Longitudinal section (l.s.)
Tissue cut on its long axis. Typically used
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Cross section (c.s. or x.s.) or transverse section (t.s.)
Tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ. Typically used.
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Oblique section
Tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal sections. Rarely or uncommonly used.
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When staining the cells, the nucleus will be ____ or _____, cytoplasm will be ______ in color. This is because of ______.
Blue or purple, light pink, proteins
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Smear
Tissue is rubbed across a slide
169
Example of a smear
Blood smear
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The stain for histology is…
Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E)
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Spread
Some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out in a slide.
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Example of spread slide
Areolar tissue slide
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All cells which belong to epithelial tissue rest…
On a basement membrane
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Lamina means
Sheet
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Cells belonging to epithelia tissue receive nutrition from the…
Underlying connective tissue
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All cells which belong to epithelial tissue are highly…
Innervated
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Innervated means
Rigidly supplied with sensory nerve fibers
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All cells which belong to epithelial tissue have a tremendous potential to…
Regenerate
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It takes ______ days for our skin cells to regenerate.
27-45 days
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Stomach epithelial cells regenerate once every _____ days
3-5 days
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Epithelial tissues have a high rate of…
Mitosis
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Epithelial tissues are classified based on what 2 things?
The number of layers and the shape of the cells.
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All cells touch basement membrane in…
Simple epithelia
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Some cells rest on top of others and do not touch basement membrane in…
Stratified epithelia
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Chondroblasts make ____ for ________
EMC, cartilage.
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Chondroblasts turns into a…
Chondrocyte
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Chondrocyte
Mature cell, maintains ECM
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Fibroblasts turn into a…
Fibrocyte
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Fibrocyte
Mature cell, maintains ECM
190
Osteoblasts
Makes ECM for bones
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Osteoblasts turns into an…
Osteocyte
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Osteocyte
Mature cell, maintains ECM
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Hematoblasts
Makes ECM for blood
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Hematoblasts turns into a…
Hematocyte
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Hematocyte
Mature cell, maintains ECM
196
Blast means…
Immature
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Accessory cells are…
Helper cells that help the main cells
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Main cells are…
Different types of connective tissue
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Adipocytes are ____ cells. They give ________.
Fat, nutrition
200
Mast cells
Ovoid (oval) shaped cells that have granules with 2 chemicals: histamine and heparin
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Histamine is a…
Vasodilator
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Heparin is a…
Anticoagulant
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White blood cells are also called…
Leukocytes
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Function of white blood cells (WBC)
Function in immune defense
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How many different types of white blood cells are there?
5
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What are the 5 types of white blood cells?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma, monocytes, and macrophages
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Function of neutrophils
Fight bacterial infections
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Function of lymphocytes
Fight against viral and fungal infections
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Lymphocytes change themselves into…
Plasma cells
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Plasma cells make…
Antibodies
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Function of monocytes
Fight again chronic infections. They are the second line of defense
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Monocytes turn into…
Macrophages
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Macrophages are…
Big eaters
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Function of cell adhesive glycoproteins
Glues the cell in place
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Mesenchyme can change itself into a…
Fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, and hematoblast.
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You get connective tissue blood from…
Hematoblasts
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You get connective tissue bone from…
Osteoblasts
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You get connective tissue cartilage from…
Chondroblasts
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You get fibrous connective tissue from…
Fibroblast
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When there’s lots of empty space between the cells and the fibers it is called…
Loose fibrous connective tissue
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Cartilage connective tissue ECM is…
Firm and flexible.
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The Chondroblasts create space around them called…
Lacunae (little lake)
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Cartilage is avascular so any injury…
Heals slowly
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Membrane
Simple organs that are made up of 2 tissues: epithelial and connective
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What are the 3 types of membranes?
Cutaneous, mucous, and serous
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Cutaneous membrane
The skin; largest membrane in the body. It’s a dry membrane
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Cutaneous membrane is what type of epithelial tissue?
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelial tissue (also called epidermis)
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Cutaneous membrane is what type of connective tissue?
Dense irregular connective tissue (also called dermis)
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The mesothelium that covers the lungs and chest wall is called…
Pleura
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The mesothelium that covers the abdominal organs and the abdominal wall is called…
Peritoneum
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The mesothelium that covers the heart is called…
Pericardium
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The mesothelium that covers the testes is called…
Tunica vaginalis
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Palms and soles are heavily….
Keratinized
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What are the 5 layers of skin?
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. C.L.G.S.B.
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Which layer of the skin is the dead cells? This is the layer we see.
Stratum corneum
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The 5 layers of skin is also called…
Epidermis
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Each layer of skin is made up of _____ layers
5-25 layers
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What is the function of the 5 layers of skin (epidermis)?
Protection, so skin is for protection
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What are the 3 germ layers?
Ectoderm (outer), endoderm (inner), and mesoderm (middle).
240
Histological sections are…
Tissue sliced into thin sections one or two cells thick.
241
Fixative
A chemical such as formalin that prevents decay
242
Mesenchyme
Composed of fine, wispy collagen fibers and branching mesenchymal cells embedded in ground substance.
