Chapter 3 Flashcards

(44 cards)

1
Q

Measurement

A

The act of assigning number or symbols to characteristics of things according to rules

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2
Q

Scale

A

A set of numbers or symbols whose properties model empirical properties of the objects to which the numbers are assigned

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3
Q

Discrete scale

A

Sample space can be counted, numbers between sample space members are not allowed

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4
Q

Sample space

A

The values a variable can take on (ie freshman, sophomore, jr, sr)

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5
Q

Continuous scale

A

Values can be any real number in the scale’s sample space, can have fractions or decimals

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6
Q

Error

A

The collective influence of all of the factors on a test score or measurement beyond those specifically measured by the test or measurement

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7
Q

Nominal scales

A

Involve classification or categorization based on one or more distinguishing characteristics, where all things measured must be placed into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, no inherent/defined order

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8
Q

Ordinal scales

A

Assign people to categories that have a clear and uncontroversial order (Never, Sometimes, Often), don’t imply how much greater one ranking is than another, no absolute zero point

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9
Q

Interval scales

A

Meaningful distances between numbers, no absolute zero point, can’t say IQ of 100 is twice as much intelligence as 50

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10
Q

Ratio scales

A

All properties of other scales and a true zero point

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11
Q

Distribution

A

A set of test scores arrayed for recording or study

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12
Q

Raw score

A

Straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance that is usually numerical

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13
Q

Frequency distribution

A

All scores are listed alongside the number of times each score occurred

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14
Q

Grouped frequency distribution

A

Test score intervals replace the actual test score

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15
Q

Histogram

A

A graph with vertical lines drawn at the true limits of each test score, forming a series of continuous rectangles

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16
Q

Bar graph

A

Numbers indicative of frequency appear on Y-axis, reference to categorization on x-axis, bars aren’t contiguous

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17
Q

Frequency polygon

A

Continuous line connecting points where test scores or class intervals meet frequencies

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18
Q

Measure of central tendency

A

A statistic that indicates the average or midmost score between the extreme scores in a distribution- mean, median

19
Q

Variability

A

An indication of how scores in a distribution are scattered or dispersed

20
Q

Measures of variability

A

Statistics that describe the amount of variation in a distribution, ie range, interquartile range, semi-interquartile range, average deviation, standard deviation, variance

21
Q

Interquartile range

22
Q

Semi-interquartile range

A

Interquartile range divided by 2

23
Q

Average deviation

A

Calculate each deviation from mean, ignore signs, average out (rarely used bc ignores signs)

24
Q

Standard deviation

A

A measure of variability equal to the square root of the average squared deviations about the mean

25
Variance
Equal to the mean of the squares of the differences between the scores in the distribution and the mean, square and sum all deviation scores and divide by number of scores
26
Skewness
The nature or extent to which symmetry is absent in a distribution
27
Kurtosis
The steepness of a distribution in its center
28
Platykurtic
Relatively flat
29
Leptokurtic
Relatively peaked
30
Mesokurtic
Neither flat nor peaked
31
Normal curve
Bell-shaped, smooth curve that is highest at center, tapers on both sides, perfectly symmetrical, no skewness, mean median and mode are equal
32
Tail
Area on normal curve between 2 and 3 SDs above/below mean
33
Standard score
A raw scores that has been converted from one scale to another scale that has some arbitrarily set mean and SD
34
Z score
Result of converting raw score into number indicating how many SDs the raw score is above or below the mean
35
T score
Score on scale with mean at 50 and SD of 10,
36
Stanine
Standard score on scale with mean of 5, SD of approx 2
37
Normalizing a distribution
Stretching a skewed curve into the shape of a normal curve and creating a corresponding scale of standard scores
38
Coefficient of correlation
A number that provides us with an index of the strength of the relationship between two things
39
Correlation
Expression of the degree and direction of correspondence between two things
40
Coefficient of determination
Indication of how much variance is shared by two variables
41
Spearman's rho
Coefficient of correlation used when sample size is small and both sets of measurements are in ordinal/rank-order form
42
Bivariate distribution
Scatterplot
43
Outlier
Extremely atypical point located at a relatively long distance from the rest of the coordinate points
44
Meta-analysis
A family of techniques used to statistically combine information across studies to produce single estimates of the data