Chapter 3 Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
kinesiology
A
study of the mechanics of human movement and specifically evaluates muscles, joints, and skeletal structure and their involvement in movement
based in biomechanics, musculoskeletal anatomy, and neuromuscular physiology
gait, posture and body alignment, ergonomics, sports and exercise movements, and activities of daily living and work
2
Q
biomechanics
A
study of the motion and causes of motion of living things
3
Q
kinematics
A
human motion
4
Q
kinetics
A
understanding the causes of that motion
5
Q
anatomical position
A
regions and spatial relationships of the human body and to refer to body positions
body is erect with feet together and the upper limbs positioned at the sides, palms of the hands facing forward, thumbs facing away from the body, and fingers extended
6
Q
sagittal plane
A
divides the body or structure into the right and left portions
7
Q
frontal plane
A
coronal plane
divides the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions (front and back)
8
Q
transverse plane
A
cross sectional, axial, or horizontal plane
divides the body or structure into superior and inferior portions (top and bottom)
9
Q
movement on sagittal plane
A
rotates about mediolateral axis (transverse axis)
10
Q
movement in the frontal plane
A
rotates about the anteroposterior axis
11
Q
movement in the transverse plane
A
rotates about the longitudinal axis
12
Q
center of gravity
A
theoretical point where the weight force of the object can be considered to act
changes with movement and depends on body position
2nd sacral segment
13
Q
line of gravity
A
imaginary vertical line passing through the center of gravity and is typically assessed while the subject is standing
helps define proper body alignment and posture
14
Q
anterior
A
front of the body, ventral
15
Q
posterior
A
back of the body, dorsal
16
Q
superificial
A
located close to or on the body surface
17
Q
deep
A
below the surface
18
Q
proximal
A
closer to any reference point
19
Q
distal
A
farther from any reference point
20
Q
superior
A
toward the head, higher (cephalic)
21
Q
inferior
A
away from the head, lower (caudal)
22
Q
medial
A
toward the midline of the body
23
Q
lateral
A
away from the midline of the body, to the side
24
Q
ipsilateral
A
on the same side
25
contralateral
on the opposite side
26
unilateral
one side
27
bilateral
both sides
28
prone
lying face down
29
supine
lying face up
30
valgus
distal segment of a joint deviates laterally
31
varus
distal segment of a joint deviates medially
32
arm
the region from the shoulder to elbo
33
forearm
region from the elbow to the wrist
34
thigh
region from the hip to knee
35
leg
region from knee to ankle
36
joint movement
spatial movement pattern in relation to the body, typically in terms of anatomical position
37
range of motion
specific movement allowed and the force produced
bones, joints, and muscles
38
skeletal system consists of
cartilage, periosteum, and bone surface
39
periosteum
a double layer membrane covering bone surface
40
bones of the skeletal system
support soft tissue
protect internal organs
sources of nutrients and blood constituents
serve as rigid levers for movement
41
there are ____ bones in the body
206
42
axial skeleton
skull
hyoid
vertebral column
sternum
ribs
43
appendicular skeleton
upper and lower limbs and respective girdles
44
diaphysis
long bone
shaft
45
epiphyses
ends of the bone
covered in articular cartilage
46
cartilage
resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that reduce s the friction and absorbs some of the shock in synovial joints
47
metaphysis
the region of mature bone where the diaphysis joins each epiphysis
48
medullary cavity
space inside the diaphysis
49
endosteum
contains cells necessary for bone development
50
periosteum
membrane covering the surface of bones, except at the articular surface
contains an outer fibrous layer and an inner highly vascular layer that contains cells for the creation of new bone
serves as a point of attachment for ligaments and tendons
crucial for bone growth, repair, and nutrition
51
flexion
movement resulting in a decrease of the joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in the sagittal plane
52
extension
movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane
53
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane
54
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane
55
horizontal abduction
movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees
56
horizontal adduction
movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees
57
internal (medial) rotation
rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body
58
external (lateral) rotation
rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body
59
lateral flexion (right or left)
movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement
60
rotation (right or left)
right or left rotation in the transverse plane, usually to describe neck and trunk movement
61
elevation
movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane
62
depression
movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane
63
retraction
movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane
64
protraction
movement of the scapula away from the spine in the frontal plane
65
upward rotation
superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane
66
downward rotation
inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane
67
circumduction
a compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape
68
radial deviation
abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
69
ulnar deviation
adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
70
opposition
diagonal movement of thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the 5th digit
71
eversion
abducting the ankle
72
inverison
adducting the ankle
73
dorsiflexion
flexing the ankle so that the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane
74
plantarflexion
extending the ankle so that the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane
75
pronation (foot/ankle)
combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot
76
supination (foot/ankle)
combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot
77
compact bone
cortical
arranged in osteons that contain few spaces
forms the external layer of all bones of the body and a large portion of the diaphysis of the long bone
78
spongy
trabecular
less dense
3d lattice composed of beams of bone called trabeculae
provide strength against the stresses normally encountered by the bone
79
red bone marrow
produces blood
80
long bones
contain a diaphysis with a medullary cavity
femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius
81
short bone
cube like structures and relatively small and thick
carpals and tarsals
82
flat bone
plate like
sternum, scapulae, ribs, and pelvis
83
irregular bones
oddly shaped
vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
84
sesamoid bones
found within tendons and joint capsules and shaped like sesame seed
85
ligament
tough, fibrous connective tissues anchoring bone to bone
86
synarthrodial joints
sutures of the skull
do not move appreciably
87
amphiarthrodial joint
move slightly and are held together by ligaments
syndesmosis, inteferior tibiofibular joint or fibrocartilage (synchondrosis, pubic symphysis)
88
amphiarthrodial joint
do not contain an articular cavity, synovial membrane, or synovial fluid
89
synovial joints
most common type
contain a fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane that encloses the joint cavity
-enclosed by fibrous joint capsule
-joint capsule encloses with joint cavity
-joint cavity is lined with synovial membrane
-synovial fluid occupies the joint cavity
-articulating surfaces of the bone are covered with hyaline cartilage, which helps absorb shock and reduces friction
meniscus of the knee, bursae, or fat pads
proprioceptive feedback fo rpain
90
synovial membrane
produces synovial fluid, which provides constant lubrication during movement to minimize the wearing effects of friction on the cartilaginous covering of the articulating bones
91
intrinsic
thickening of the outer layer of the joint capsule
92
extrinsic
separate structures
93
open chain movement
movements occur when the distal segment of the joint moves in space
knee joint is leg extension
94
closed chain movement
movement occurs when the distal segment of the joint is fixed in space
knee joint is standing barbell squats
95
active rom
range that can be reached voluntary movement from contraction of skeletal muscle
96
passive rom
rom that can be achieved by external means
97
factors account for joint stability
-ligaments facilitate normal movement and resist excessive movement
-muscles and tendons that spin a joint also enhance stability, particularly when the bony structure alone contributes little stability (shoulder)
-fascia contributes to joint stability (iliotibial band of the tensor fasciae latae)
-atmospheric pressure creates greater force outside of the joint than internal pressure exerts within the joint cavity
-bony structure of a joint is an important contributor to joint stability
98
suture fibrous
tight union unique to the skull
99
syndesmosis fibrous
interosseous membrane between bones
100
gomphosis fibrous
unique joint at the tooth socket
101
primary cartilaginous
usually temporary to permit bone growth and typically fuse some do not
-epiphyseal plate, sternum and rib
102
secondary cartilaginous
strong, slightly moveable joints
-intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
103
plane synovial
arthrodial
gliding and sliding movements
-acromioclavicular joint
104
hinge synovial
ginglymus
uniaxial movements
-elbow extension and flexion
105
ellipsoidal synovial
condyloid
biaxial joint
-radiocarpal extension, flexion at the wrist
106
saddle synovial
sellar
unique joint that permits movements in all planes, including opposition
-carpometacarpal joint of the thumn
107
ball and socket synovial
enarthrodial
multiaxial joints that permit movements in all directions
-hip and shoulder joints
108
pivot synovial
trochoidal
uniaxial joints that permit rotation
proximal radioulnar and atlantoaxial joints
109
bicondylar synovial
allow movement primarily around one axis with some limited rotation in a second axis
knee flexion and extension with limited internal and external rotation
110
scapulothoracic
not a true joint
elevation-depression (frontal)
upward-downward rotation (frontal)
protraction-retraction (frontal)
medial-lateral rotation (transitional)
anterior-posterior tilting (sagittal)
111
glenohumeral
synovial: ball and socket
flexion-extension (sagittal)
abduction-adduction (frontal)
internal-external rotation (transverse)
horizontal abduction-adduction (transverse)
circumduction (multiple)
112
elbow
synovial: hinge
flexion-extension) sagittal
113
proximal radioulnar
synovial: pivot
pronation-supination (transverse)
114
wrist
synovial: ellipsoidal
flexion-extension (transverse)
115
metacarpophalngeal
synovial: ellipsoidal
flexion-extension (sagittal)
abduction-adduction (frontal)
116
proximal and distal interphalangeal
synovial: hinge
flexion-extension (sagittal)
117
intervertebral
cartilaginous
flexion-extension (sagittal)
lateral flexion (frontal)
rotation (transverse)
118
hip
synovial: ball and socket
flexion-extension (sagittal)
abduction-adduction (frontal)
internal-external rotation (transverse)
circumduction (multiple)
119
knee
synovial: bicondylar
flexion-extension (sagittal)
internal-external rotation (transverse)
120
ankle: talocrural
synovial: hinge
dorsiflexion-plantarflexion (sagittal)
121
ankle: subtalar
synovial: gliding
inversion-eversion (frontal)
122
skeletal muscle
responsible for moving the skeletal system and stabilizing the body (maintaining posture)
generally anchored by tendons
123
tendons
dense cords of ct that attach a muscle to the periosteum of the bone
collagen fibers are parallel arrangement
124
parallel fibers
muscle fibers run in line with the pull of muscle
fusiform
biceps brachii, brachialis
125
pennate muscles
fibers run obliquely or at an angle to the line of pull
produce greater force than a parallel arrangment in a smaller cross sectional area
-unipennate
-bipennate
-multipennate
126
uniarticular
muscle that causes movement at one joint
brachialis
127
biarticular
muscles that cross more than one joint
hamstring, biceps brachii
128
how muscles produce movement
- force transferred to tendons
-pull on the bones and other structures
-contracts, pulling one of the articulating bones toward the other (insert)
-other remains stationary (origin)
129
prime mover
agonist
when a muscle or a group of muscles is responsible for the action or movement
biceps curl (elbow flexors, biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis muscles)
130
antagonists
relax to permit the primary movement and contract to act as a brake at the completion of movement
131
synergist
movements that involve other muscles
prevent unwanted movement
acts as fixators or stabilizers
muscles stabilize a portion of the body against a force
132
co contraction
simultaneous contraction of the agonsist and antagonist
abdominal and lumbar muscles, helps stabilize the lower trunk during trunk movements
133
structure
what are the initial considerations of the joints structure (bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bursae) and the ability to move?
134
movement
what movements occur at the joint? what are the normal roms for each movement?
135
muscles
what specific muscles are being used to create the movements? how are the muscles being used (agonist, syngergist, stabilizer)?
136
injuries
what common injuries occur to the joint structure?
137
scapulothoracic
fixation, upward rotation
downward rotation, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction
138
glenohumeral (shoulder)
flexion (90-100 degrees)
extension (40-60 degrees)
abduction (90-95 degrees)
adduction (0 degrees)
horizontal abduction (45 degrees)
horizontal adduction (135 degrees)
internal rotation (70-90 degrees)
external rotation (70-90 degrees
139
elbow
flexion (145-150 degrees)
extension (0 degrees)
140
radioulnar
supination (80-90 degrees)
pronation (70-90 degrees)
141
wrist
flexion (70-90 degrees)
extension (65-85 degrees)
adduction (25-40 degrees)
abduction (15-25 degrees)
142
glenohumeral joint
link between the thoracic cage and upper extremity
ball and socket joint
high degree of mobility and very unstable
stabilizing this region falls on the soft tissues
143
bones of the glenohumeral
humerus (articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula, greater and lesser tubercles are attachment sites for many muscles)
scapula (lage triangular bones that rests on the posterior thoracic cage between the second rib and the seventh rib in the normal position, lies on the scaption plane that is obliquely at 30 degrees to the frontal plane)
clavicle (provides the link between the upper extremity and axial skeleton, provides protection for the neural bundle called the brachial plexus and the vascular system supplying the upper extremity, supports the weight of the humerus and helps maintain the position of the scapula and humerus)
144
cervical spine
flexion (50 degrees)
extension (60 degrees)
lateral flexion (45 degrees)
rotation (80 degrees)
145
lumbar spine
flexion (60 degrees)
extension (25 degrees)
lateral flexion (25 degrees)
rotation
146
hip
flexion (130 degrees)
extension (30 degrees)
abduction (35 degrees)
adduction (30 degrees)
internal rotation (45 degrees)
external rotation (50 degrees)
147
knee
flexion (140 degrees)
extension (0-10 degrees)
internal rotation (30 degrees)
external rotation (45 degrees)
148
ankle: talocrural
dorsiflexion (15-20 degrees)
plantarflexion (50 degrees)
149
ankle: subtalar
eversion (5-15 degrees)
inversion (20-30 degrees)
150
coracohumeral ligament
spans the bicipital groove of the humerus and provides aterioinferior stability to the glenohumeral joint
151
glenohumeral ligament
anterior, middle, anterioinferior bands reinforce the anterior capsule and provides stability to the shoulder joint in most planes of movement
152
coracoacromial ligament
located superior to the glenohumeral joint, protects the muscles, tendons, nerves, and blood supply of the region and prevents superior dislocation of the humeral head
153
acromioclavicular ligament
trapezoid and conoid bands prevents superior dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint
154
sternoclavicular ligaments
anterior and posterior help strengthen the capsule of the sternoclavicular joint
155
costoclavicular ligament
connects the first rib and clavicle and the interclavicular ligament connects the two clavicles and manubrium
156
subacromial bursa
lies between the supraspinatus and deltoid tendons and the acromion, allows gliding and cushioning of these structures, especially upon shoulder abduction
157
shoulder region four joints
glenohumeral
acromioclavicular
sternoclavicular
scapulothoracic
158
acromioclavicular joint
plane synovial joint of the articulation of the acromion and the distal end of the clavicle, moves in 3 planes simultaneously witht eh scapulothoracic motion
159
sternoclavicular joint
articulation of the proximal clavicle with the sternum and cartilage of the first rib, is a saddle synovial joint, moves in synchronization with the other 3 joints of the shoulder region and importantly provides the only bony connection between the humerus and the axial skeleton
160
scapulothoracic joint
not a true joint but a physiological joint, formed by the articulation of the scapula with the thoracic cage, provides mobility and stability for the orientation of the glenoid fossa and the humeral head for arm movements in all planes
161
scapulohumeral rhythm
full abduction of the arm requires simulataneous movement of the glenohumeral and scapulothroracic joints
allows for greater abduction ROM, maintains optimal length tension relationships of the glenohumeral muscles, and prevents impingements between the greater tubercle of the humerus and the acromion
162
anterior muscles of the shoulder
pectoralis major, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, and biceps brachii
163
posterior muscles of the shoulder
infraspinatus, teres minor
164
superior muscles of the shoulder
deltoid and supraspinatus
165
inferior muscles of the shoulder
latissimus dorsi, teres major, and long head of the triceps brachii
166
pectoralis major
larges and powerful that is a prime mover in adduction, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the humerus
triangular, originating along the medial clavicle and sternum and attaching to the intertubercular groove of the humerus
167
coracobrachialis
small muscle, assists with shoulder flexion and adduction
168
biceps brachii
two joint, two head muscle that crosses the shoulder and elbow, assists with horizontal adduction, flexion, and internal rotation
169
anterior deltoid
originates from the anterolateral aspect of the clavicle, responsible for shoulder flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint
170
middle deltoid
originates from the lateral aspect of the acromion and is a powerful abductor of the glenohumeral joint
171
posterior deltoid
originates from the inferior aspect of the scapular spines and its action sof glenohumeral extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation oppose those of the anterior deltoid
172
rotator cuff
originate from the scapula and insert at the greater or lesser tubercle of the humerus
important stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint and aid in the glenoid fossa during arm movements initiated by the larger shoulder muscles
173
rotator cuff stabilizes the shoulder through four mechanisms
passive muscle tension
contraction of the muscles causing compression of the articular surface
joint motion that results in secondary tightening of the ligamentous restraints
the barrier effect of contracted rotator cuff muscles
173
SITS
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
174
latissimus dorsi
large fan shaped muscle that originates from the iliac crest and the posterior sacrum, lower six thoracic vertebrae, and lower 3 ribs
inserts at the intertubercular groove of the humerus
strong extensor, internal rotator, and adductor of the glenohumeral joint
angle of pull increases when the arm is abducted to 30-90 degrees
175
teres major
actions similar to those of the latissimus dorsi
176
triceps brachii
typically known as an elbow muscle, but its long head acts to extend the shoulder as well
177
pectoralis minor
originates from the anterior aspects of the 3rd to the 5th ribs and inserts at the coracoid process of the scapula
contraction causes protraction, downward rotation, and depression of the scapula
lifting effect on the ribs during forceful inspiration and postural control
178
serratus anterior
contains several bands that originate from the upper 9 ribs laterally and insert on the anterior aspect of the medial border of the scapula
protracts the scapula and is active in reaching and pushing
winging of the scapula results from dysfunction, which is possibly related to long thoracic nerve
179
subclavius
small muscle that protects and stabilizes the sternoclavicular joint
180
levator scapulae
originate from the transverse processes of the upper four cervical vertebrae, rub obliquely, and insert at the medial border superior to the scapular spine
produces elevation and downward rotation of the scapula and also act on the neck
181
rhomboids
originate from the spinous processes of the last cervical and upper 5 thoracic vertebrae and insert on the medial border of the scapula from the spine to the inferior angle
action results in scapular retraction, downard rotation, and slight elevation
necessary for good posture
182
trapezius
necessary for good posture
large triangular muscle and one of the largest muscles of the shoulder region
upper, middle, and lower fibers
origin covers a broad area from the base of the occiput to the spinous process of the 12th thoracic vertebrae, and its insertion runs from the lateral clavicle, medial border of the acromion, and scapular spine
contraction causes scapular elevation, scapular retraction, and scapular depression
upward rotation of the scapula
183
