Chapter 3

Question 0

____________ results from a force pressing on an area.

Answer 0

Pressure

Question 1

When earthquakes occurred, they produce __________.

Answer 1

Seismic waves

Question 2

A dark, fine-grained rock.

Answer 2

Basalt

Question 3

A rock that is usually a light color and has coarse grains.

Answer 3

Granite

Question 4

The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin.

Answer 4

Crust

Question 5

A layer of hot rock. The rock below the boundary is the solid material of the ___________.

Answer 5

Mantle

Question 6

The crust and uppermost mantle that is a single layer.

Answer 6

Lithosphere

Question 7

Below the lithosphere, soft but solid layer.

Answer 7

Asthenosphere

Question 8

A layer of molten metal surrounding the inner core.

Answer 8

The outer core

Question 9

A dense ball of solid metal.

Answer 9

The inner core

Question 10

The transfer of energy that is carried in rays like light.

Answer 10

Radiation

Question 11

Heat transfer by the movement of a fluid.

Answer 11

Convection

Question 12

Heat transfer between materials that are touching.

Answer 12

Conduction

Question 13

A measure of how much mass there is in a given volume of a substance.

Answer 13

Density

Question 14

The flow that transfers heat within a fluid is called a_________.

Answer 14

Convection current

Question 15

The approximately 20 minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust.

Answer 15

Rock–forming minerals

Question 16

Most rocks are made up of particles of minerals or other rocks, which geologist call __________.

Answer 16

Grains

Question 17

The look and feel of a rock’s surface.

Answer 17

Texture

Question 18

Forms from the cooling of molten material called magma or lava.

Answer 18

Igneous rock

Question 19

Forms when small particles of rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed or cemented together.

Answer 19

Sedimentary rock

Question 20

Forms when a rock is changed by heat or pressure, or by chemical reactions.

Answer 20

Metamorphic rock

Question 21

Igneous rock formed from lava that erupted on Earth’s surface.

Answer 21

Extrusive rock

Question 22

Igneous rock that forms when magma hardened beneath the surface of Earth.

Answer 22

Intrusive rock

Question 23

Describes the thin, flat layering found in most metamorphic rocks.

Answer 23

Foilated

Question 24

Small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or living things.

Answer 24

Sediment

Question 25

The effects of freezing and thawing, plant roots, acid, and other forces on rock.

Answer 25

Weathering

Question 26

The process by which running water, wind, or ice carry away bits of broken up rock.

Answer 26

Erosion

Question 27

The process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it.

Answer 27

Depostition

Question 28

The process that presses sediments together.

Answer 28

Compaction

Question 29

The process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together.

Answer 29

Cementation

Question 30

A sedimentary rock formed when rock fragments are squeeze together.

Answer 30

Clastic rock

Question 31

Forms where the remains of plants and animals are deposited in layers.

Answer 31

Organic rock

Question 32

Forms when minerals dissolved in a water solution crystallize.

Answer 32

Chemical rock

Question 33

A series of processes that occur on Earth's surface and in the crust and mantle that slowly change rocks from one kind to another.

Answer 33

The rock cycle

Question 34

Geologists have used to main types of evidence to learn about Earth's interior. What are they?

Answer 34

Direct evidence from rock samples and indirect evidence from seismic waves

Question 35

What are the three main layers of Earth? These layers vary greatly in ________________.

Answer 35

The crust, mantle, and the core; Size, composition, temperature, and pressure

Question 36

What is the relation of depth with pressure and temperature?

Answer 36

The deeper down inside Earth, the greater the pressure and temperature.

Question 37

A layer of solid rock that includes both dry land and the ocean floor.

Answer 37

The crust

Question 38

What is made up of rock that is very hot, but solid? Scientists divide this layer of Earth into layers based on the __________ of those layers. Overall the mantle is nearly_________ thick.

Answer 38

The mantle; physical characteristics; 3,000 km

Question 39

What is made mostly of the metals iron and nickel? It consist of two parts. What are the two parts?

Answer 39

A dense, liquid outer core and a dense, solid inner core

Question 40

What are the three types of heat transfers?

Answer 40

Radiation, convection, and conduction

Question 41

What sets convection currents in motion?

Answer 41

Heating and cooling of a fluid, changes in the fluid's density, and the force of gravity

Question 42

What causes convection currents in the mantle?

Answer 42

Heat from the core and the mantle itself

Question 43

To study a rock sample, geologists observe the rock's _____________, ____________, and ____________.

Answer 43

Mineral composition; color; texture

Question 44

What are the three major groups that geologists classify rocks?

Answer 44

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock

Question 45

And miss rocks are classified by their _________, _________, and _________.

Answer 45

Origin; texture; mineral composition

Question 46

What is any rock that forms from another rock as a result of changes in heat or pressure (or both heat and pressure)?

Answer 46

A metamorphic rock

Question 47

Most __________ rocks are formed through sequence of processes: weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation.

Answer 47

Sedimentary

Question 48

What are the three major groups of sedimentary rocks?

Answer 48

Clastic rocks, organic rocks, and chemical rocks

Question 49

People have used _________ rocks throughout history for many different purposes, including for tools and building materials.

Answer 49

Sedimentary

Question 50

Forces deep inside Earth and at the surface produce a slow cycle that _________, _________, and _________.

Answer 50

Builds; destroys; changes the rocks in the crust

Question 51

The processes of the rock cycle form a ____________. These __________ result from weathering and erosion, deposition, earthquakes and volcanic activity, tremendous heat and pressure, and melting.

Answer 51

Pattern of pathways; pathways