Chapter 3

Question 1

connection between atoms, elements, cells, tissues, and organs; the organ systems in the body

Answer 1

Atoms combine to form elements element create cells, cells group into tissues, and tissues make up organs which function in organ systems, creating organism

Question 2

Gastrointestinal Tract

Answer 2

consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

Question 3

Digestive Secretions

Answer 3

Consist of Enzymes and Hormones

Question 4

Enzymes

Answer 4

Speed up digestion

Question 5

salivary amylase

Answer 5

in the mouth breaks down carbohydrates (Large starch to smaller)

Question 6

Renin

Answer 6

In the stomach, causes milk protein casein to curdle

Question 7

Pepsin

Answer 7

In the stomach, breaks proteins into polypeptides and amino acids

Question 8

Trypsin

Answer 8

In the Pancreas, Breaks proteins and polypeptides into shorter polypeptides

Question 9

Chymotrypsin

Answer 9

In the small intestine, Breaks proteins and polypeptides into shorter polypeptides

Question 10

Carboxypeptidase,
aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase

Answer 10

In the small intestine, Break polypeptides into amino acids

Question 11

Pancreatic Lipase

Answer 11

Breaks triglycerides into monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol

Question 12

Pancreatic amylase

Answer 12

Breaks starch into shorter glucose chains and maltose

Question 13

Lipase

Answer 13

Breaks monoglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 14

Sucrase

Answer 14

Breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose

Question 15

Maltase

Answer 15

Breaks maltose into glucose

Question 16

Dexitinase

Answer 16

Breaks short chains of glucose into individual glucose molecules

Question 17

Hormones

Answer 17

Secretin and cholecystokinin regulate secretions in the small intestine​

Question 18

Gastrin

Answer 18

In the stomach Mucosa, secretion of HCL and pepsinogen by gastric glands and increases gastric mobility and emptying

(movement of food through stomach)

Question 19

Somatostatin

Answer 19

In stomach and duodenal mucosa, inhibits stomach secretion, mobility, and emptying; pancreatic secretion, absorption, gallbladder contraction, and bile release

Question 20

Secretin

Answer 20

in Duodenal Mucosa, stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich fluids, which neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine, and regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes​

Question 21

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 21

Stimulates contraction of gallbladder to expel bile; increases output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice

Question 22

Gastric inhibitory peptide

Answer 22

Inhibits gastric secretion and motility

Question 23

GI Tracts Role in Immune Function

Answer 23

The GI tract limits the
absorption of toxins
and disease-causing
organisms.

Question 24

Regulation of GI tract

Answer 24

Involve hormones and neural signals that control digestion.

Question 25

Carbohydrates

Answer 25

Begin digesting in the mouth (salivary amylase), continue in the small intestine (pancreatic amylase).

Question 26

Proteins

Answer 26

Start in the stomach (pepsin), continue in the small intestine (proteases from pancreas).

Question 27

Fats

Answer 27

Digestion begins in the small intestine, aided by bile from the liver and lipase from the pancreas​.

Question 28

Peristalsis

Answer 28

Rhythmic contractions moving food through the GI tract.

Question 29

Epiglottis

Answer 29

Flap preventing food from entering the windpipe.

Question 30

Parietal Cells

Answer 30

Cells in the stomach that produce hydrochloric acid.

Question 30

Intrinsic Factor

Answer 30

A protein necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.

Question 31

Pepsin

Answer 31

An enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins

Question 32

Immune Role of the GI Tract

Answer 32

helps protect the body from toxins and pathogens by limiting their absorption. Immune cells like phagocytes and lymphocytes are present in the GI tract​

Question 33

Ancillary organs

Answer 33

Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Large intestine

Question 34

Liver

Answer 34

Produces bile to emulsify fats

Question 35

Gallbladder

Answer 35

Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine.

Question 36

Pancreas

Answer 36

Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

Question 37

Large Intestine

Answer 37

Absorbs water and forms waste

Question 38

Common Digestive Problems

Answer 38

Heartburn, Reflux, Ulcers, Constipation, and Diarrhea

Question 39

Heartburn/Reflux

Answer 39

Stomach acid entering the esophagus. (overeating, anxiety, stress, pregnancy, hiatal hernia, or diesease processes

Question 40

Ulcers

Answer 40

Erosion in the stomach lining. Pain, bleeding, infection abdominally

Question 41

Constipation

Answer 41

Difficulty in bowel movements.

Question 42

Diarrhea

Answer 42

Frequent loose or watery stools