Chapter 3

Question 1

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 1

molecules made of only carbon and hydrogen

Question 3

What are isomers?

Answer 3

organic molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula

Question 4

What is the difference between a structural and stereoisomer?

Answer 4

structural isomers have different connectivity between atoms, meaning the atoms are arranged in a different order within the molecule, while stereoisomers have the same connectivity but differ only in the spatial arrangement of their atoms in three-dimensional space; essentially, they have the same atoms connected in the same order but with different orientations in space

Question 5

What is a chiral molecule?

Answer 5

A molecule that has mirror-image versions

Question 6

Chiral molecules rotate a plane of polarized light right (______) or left (______)

Answer 6

D, dextro or L, levo

Question 7

What is a polymer?

Answer 7

a long molecule built my linking together small units called monomers

Question 8

What reaction is used to form macromolecules?

Answer 8

Dehydration reaction

Question 9

What reaction is used to break down macromolecules?

Answer 9

Hydrolysis reaction

Question 10

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 10

a carbohydrate with only one molecule (simple sugar)

Question 11

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 11

polymers made up of nucleotides

Question 12

Which bases are purines?

Answer 12

Adenine and Guanine

Question 13

Which bases are pyrimidines?

Answer 13

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Question 14

Do purines or pyrimidines have a double ring structure?

Answer 14

Purines

Question 15

What type of bonds hold nucleotides together in DNA?

Answer 15

phosphodiester bonds

Question 16

What sugar does DNA have?

Answer 16

deoxyribose (H instead of OH)

Question 17

What sugar does RNA have?

Answer 17

ribose (OH instead of H)

Question 18

What are the two electron carriers?

Answer 18

NAD+ and FAD

Question 19

What is the characteristic of and amino acid determined by?

Answer 19

The R group in their structure

Question 20

What is a peptide bond?

Answer 20

A peptide bond is a covalent chemical bond, which joins two amino acids in a dehydration reaction

Question 21

What is a polypeptide?

Answer 21

chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 22

What is a motif in protein structure?

Answer 22

common elements in the secondary structure of proteins

Question 23

What is a protein domain?

Answer 23

a functional unit within a larger structure

Question 24

What do chaperones do?

Answer 24

help folds proteins correctly

Question 25

What can cause denaturation of proteins?

Answer 25

changes in temp. pH, and ionic concentration

Question 26

Lipids molecules have ______ heads and _______ tails.

Answer 26

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Question 27

___________ fats are linear while ________ fats include bends in their structure.

Answer 27

saturated, unsaturated

Question 28

Phospholipids contain ...

Answer 28

polar head made of glycerol, phosphate, and choline, and a nonpolar tail made of fatty acids

Question 29

What does amphipathic mean?

Answer 29

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.