Chapter 3 Flashcards
(31 cards)
From our working theories we develop case conceptualizations by organizing information about our clients in a way that explains past, present, and future behavior
What is the role of a theory?
To:
- describe
- explain
- predict
- facilitate change
Self-schemas
As we move through early life experiences, internal cognitive structures about ourselves develop
Worldview
the sum total of our beliefs about the world. It is the big picture, a vision that we hold of our universe that shapes the way we make decisions and act in situations
Interpersonal style
the social behaviors used in relationship to others
Personal characteristics for the application of counseling theory:
- virtuous
- resilient
- self-awareness
Clients enter into counseling with different levels of motivation. Some have a great deal of insight into the dynamics of their presenting problems, whereas others have no such insight and really do not understand the necessity for or benefit of treatment.
Mental health counselors facilitate change more efficiently when they recognize their client’s readiness to change or lack of it. This recognition helps the counselor to work alongside and move with the client rather than engaging in an unproductive game of clinical cajoling.
Implicit personality theory (need to bracket own personal ideas and morals and biases, not everyone thinks the way that I do)
the ideas people develop about the way other people’s personal traits and behavioral tendencies fit together
Example:
Personal ideas about “how people tick” based on past experiences (This can be accurate or not so they can either help or hinder counseling/can contribute to a perceptual bias)
Process of change: The Transtheorectical Model ASSESSMENT TOOL:
(unless client is in the action stage, we cannot expect them to make changes) (set reasonable and possible goals first/minimal effort eventually turns into a lot of effort/sometimes you have to build up motivation)
Five stages of change:
* Pre contemplation: Client is unaware of a problem, unwilling to change, or discouraged about making helpful changes
* Contemplation: The client is aware of a problem and begins to consider change
* Preparation: the client has committed to change and is motivated to change
* Action: the client is actively implementing a plan for change
* Maintenance: the client is consolidating gains and working to prevent relapse
A good theory should:
Describe what the client is doing, explain why the client is doing that, predict what the client will do next, and guide intervention (what will best help this client)
Good theories are:
precise and clear, comprehensive, testable, useful, and have heuristic value
Effective counseling will match the clients stages with appropriate interventions:
PC: conduct a cost/benefit analysis: create discrepancies
C: offer encouragement, support, gentle prodding
P: develop systematic, step-by-step plan
A: lower risk for relapse by helping client understand that initial change is not the same as goal attainment (assure them that small wins lead up to big wins)
M: help the client consolidate gains and prevent relapse
The clinical mental health counseling paradigm is based on principles of:
- human development
- ecological context
- emphasis on wellness
- emphasis on prevention
Theories of human development (Stage Theories)
- Freud = psychosexual
- Erikson = stages of psychosocial
- Piaget =stages of cognitive
- Kohlberg = stages of moral
- Atkinson, Morten, and Sue = racial/ cultural identity
Incremental Theories
- Pavlov = classical conditioning
- Skinner = operant conditioning
- Bandura = theory of social learning
- Vygotsky = sociocultural theory
- Bowlby = attachment theory
Principles of lifespan development
1) development is a continuous, lifelong process
2) development is relative and plastic
3) HD takes place in a context
4) HD is an interactional and bidirectional process
Implications for HD for mental health counselors:
1) Human normality is used as the baseline to understand the human condition
2) Individuals are viewed holistically (MHC takes into account the clients physical, cog., psych, social, and spiritual dimensions)
3) Each individual is viewed as a unique being ( MHC truly appreciate the fathomable worth of each client with whom they interact)
4) Implement strategies of change (this should capitalize on experience-dependent plasticity)
5) Understanding normal and atypical life transition (MHC assess clients and their environments in order to capitalize on existing strengths/clients can develop new strengths from skill-building approaches
Ecological Context (Bronfenbrenner)
Mirco, Meso, Exo, Marco
Implications of ecological theory for mental health counselors
Assessment:
- focuses on the cog., affective, and behavioral products that result from the complex person x environmental interactions
Physical and social environments:
- enables mental health counselors to creatively integrate a variety of personal and environmentally based resources into treatment plans
Primary Prevention
reduces the likelihood of a person developing a mental/emotional disorder, through education, consultation, and crisis intervention
Secondary prevention
limits the negative impact of a disorder on people who have already been affected by the disorder through early detection, thereby shortening the duration of the condition
Tertiary prevention
reduces the long-term impact on people recovering from a disorder, through relapse prevention and aftercare
Negative consequences of accepting the On-Dimensional View:
- this limited view of CMHC does not fit the definitions of the profession or the reality of contemporary practice
- individuals as the exclusive focus of treatment (this ignores the developmental and ecological foundations)
- application of a diathesis: stress model without regard of ecological context
- semi–rigid boundaries between remedial, prevention, and wellness work
Third-wave cognitive behavioral therapies:
- acceptance and commitment therapy
- dialectic behavior therapy
