Chp 10

Question 1

Diversity and multiculturalism in America

Answer 1

1) Minorities becoming majorities (hispanics made up 16% of population in 2010)
2) Differences in education, labor force, and SES status
3) Conceptualizing race and ethnicity as such broad constructs obscures the extent to which within-group and individual differences operate

Question 2

Multiculturalism as the fourth force in counseling

Answer 2

Freud and psychoanalytic perspective, behaviourism, and
humanistic psychology are recognized as the first three
forces
− Implicit assumption that the corresponding theories
could be generally applied to most clients across
cultures
* Contemporary trends and the composition of American
society contributors to multiculturalism as fourth force

Historically
* Social trends in 1950s and 1960s
* Civil Rights movement
* Industrial revolution giving way to “information age”
* The American Psychological Association’s Vail Conference
and Follow-Up Commission in 1973

Ethics
* Nondiscrimination and need for multicultural competence
now codified in ACA and AMHCA
* Counselors adopt a multicultural approach that considers
clients within their unique ecological context

Question 3

Counselor Education

Answer 3

CACREP identifies social and cultural diversity as one of
the common core areas
* Practicum and internship experiences should reflect
diversity of their communities
* Graduate students gain important knowledge and skills on
relating the many facets of multiculturalism to the specific
practice of their specialization
* Academic programs called on to design recruitment and
retention strategies for the employment of faculty members
who reflect the diverse backgrounds in society

Question 4

Race

Answer 4

a biologically based classification system of people groups based on viable physical characteristics

Question 5

Ethnicity

Answer 5

a group of persons who identify with one another by virtue of sharing common ancestry, religion, language, skin color and or culture (broad)

– Used in the manner, can use interchangeably with race
– Setting apart of groups of persons on the basis of national
origin and distinctive cultural patterns (narrower)

Question 6

Culture

Answer 6

a way of living that encompasses the customs, traditions, attitudes, and overall socialization in which a group of people engage that are unique to their cultural upbringing

Question 7

Prejudice

Answer 7

an attitude, judgment or feeling about a person that is generalized from attitudes or beliefs held about the group to which the person belongs

Question 8

Racism

Answer 8

the use of power and position, overtly or covertly/intentionally or unintentionally, to treat others
differentially on the basis of perceived racial differences
between or among groups of people

Question 9

Individual Racism

Answer 9

occurs when a person holds attitudes
and beliefs of his or her racial superiority that often led to
discriminatory acts against other viewed as racially inferior

Question 10

Institutional Racism

Answer 10

takes place when social policies and
laws have the intentional or unintentional consequence of
positioning one racial/ethnic group in positions of privilege,
power, and advantage over other groups

Question 11

Discrimination

Answer 11

biased treatment of a person based on the view one hold of the group to which that person belongs
– Likely a reality that has been experienced by many if
not most ethnic minority clients

Question 12

Cross-cultural counseling

Answer 12

any counseling in which two
or more of the participants are racially/ethnically different

Question 13

Resistance

Answer 13

Client resistance toward developing multicultural counseling competencies can take several forms: cognitive, emotional, behavioral

Question 14

Barriers to effective mental health counseling

Answer 14

1. Cognitive
   − Often takes the form of covert denials
   − Impede the necessary cognitive processing and restructuring required for meaningful multicultural
   training
2. Emotional
   − Powerful feelings are experienced when confronting
   multicultural topics
   − Guilt, fear, shame
3. Behavioral
   − Barriers prevent mental health counselors from
   attaining competence in multicultural counseling

Question 15

Cultural Encapsulation

Answer 15

Define and dogmatically cling to viewing reality according
to their own sets of cultural assumptions to the exclusion of
alternative interpretation
* Demonstrate insensitivity to persons of other cultural
backgrounds who hold alternative perspectives
* Resist of simply not recognize the necessity of testing the
validity of one’s underlying assumptions
* Become trapped in what may be described as a cultural
tunnel vision

Question 16

Misapplication of traditional theories and techniques

Answer 16

• Encouraged to infuse diversity in practice
• Fundamental presuppositions undergirding traditional models of
  counseling:
• Individualism
• View of normalcy and pathology
  − Culture-bound syndromes- patterns of disordered or psychotic
  behaviors clustered in unique ways that are found only in
  particular cultural settings
• Functional agnosticism and anti-religiousness
• Personal happiness as a legitimate goal of counseling
• Insight and process of change

Question 17

Systematic barriers within counseling delivery systems

Answer 17

Typical counseling format may act as a barrier
* Numerous factors in delivery systems naturally
discriminate against oppressed groups

Question 18

Langauge barriers and miscommunication

Answer 18

The effectiveness of counseling relies on the transmission
of meaning through verbal, nonverbal, and written
communication
* Slang or colloquialisms may confuse minority clients

Question 19

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 19

the general tendency for
people to underestimate contextual influences and overestimate dispositional influences in explaining the behavior of others

Question 20

Mircoaggressions

Answer 20

verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities whether intentional or unintentional, that
communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial, gender, sexual-orientation, and religious slights and insults to minority message recipients

Question 21

Confirmation Bias

Answer 21

a human tendency to search for
information that confirms one’s preexisting conceptions

Question 22

Between versus within-group differences

Answer 22

Must possess baseline knowledge of cultural differences
* Danger in only focusing on between-group differences
rather than both between- and within-group differences

Question 23

Racial/cultural identity development

Answer 23

• Conformity
• Dissonance
• Resistance and Immersion
• Introspection
• Integrative awareness

Question 24

Acculturation

Answer 24

the gradual physical, biological, cultural, and psychological changes that take place in individual
and groups when contact between two cultural groups takes place

Question 25

Arredondo identified three dimensions of personal identity

Answer 25

* “A” dimension-characteristics into which people are born, such as gender, sexual orientation, race, culture, socioeconomic status, and physical abilities/disabilities * “B” dimensions-personal characteristics that are less visible but are influenced by the person’s achievements, such as work experience, academic background and performance, religion, hobbies, and marital status * “C” dimensions-specific historical events that affect the direction and quality of the person’s life

Question 26

Multiple Heritage Identity Development model

Answer 26

1. Recognition-identification with multiple heritages 2. Transition-inner searching for identity 3. Experimentation-seeking a group with which to identify 4. Awareness-awareness of multiple identities 5. Acceptance-recognize and accept basic differences between people

Question 27

Multiple Identities (couples)

Answer 27

Mental health counsellors are increasingly work with couples that are interracially/ inter-culturally different

Question 28

Co-existing

Answer 28

each partner retained separate culture; rarely made attempts at integrating with the culture of the partner

Question 29

Integrated couples

Answer 29

organize their cultural differences in ways that integrated their respective identities by celebrating each other

Question 30

Singularly assimilated

Answer 30

one partner being more assimilated into the culture of the other, while the other culture becomes invisible

Question 31

Unresolved

Answer 31

couples who had no addressed; do not know what to do about cultural differences

Question 32

Association of Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD)

Answer 32

* AMCD’s Professional Standards Committee created Multicultural Competencies * Sets competencies in three specific domains: 1. Counselor’s self-awareness 2. Understanding worldview of client 3. Development of appropriate intervention strategies * Challenges that impede cultural competence implementation: – Problems emerge when attempting to operationalize and measure cultural competence – Guidelines that have been established are aspirational and lack clearly defined implementation strategies – Adaptations of counseling intervention strategies are not well researched

Question 33

Council of the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC):

Answer 33

* Two-dimensional framework − Privileged/ marginalized clients − Privileged/ marginalized counselors * 4 Quadrants − Contribute to multicultural and social justice practice * 4 counselor aspirational and developmental competencies must be possessed for competent multicultural counseling and social advocacy