Chapter 3

Question 1

Arget

Answer 1

Specialized language used by members of a group or subculture.

Question 2

Bilingualism

Answer 2

The use of two languages in a particular setting, such as the workplace or schoolroom, treating each language as equally legitimate.

Question 3

Counterculture

Answer 3

A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the large culture.

Question 4

Cultural Capital

Answer 4

Noneconomic goods, such as family background and education, which are reflected in a knowledge of language and the arts.

Question 5

Cultural Relativism

Answer 5

The viewing of people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture.

Question 6

Cultural Universal

Answer 6

A common practice or belief found in every culture.

Question 7

Culture

Answer 7

The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior.

Question 8

Culture Lag

Answer 8

A period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions.

Question 9

Culture Shock

Answer 9

The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own.

Question 10

Diffusion

Answer 10

The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society.

Question 11

Discovery

Answer 11

The process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality.

Question 12

Dominant Ideology

Answer 12

A set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.

Question 13

Ethnocentrism

Answer 13

The tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others.

Question 14

Folkway

Answer 14

A norm governing everyday behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern.

Question 15

Formal Norm

Answer 15

A norm that has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators.

Question 16

Informal Norm

Answer 16

A norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded.

Question 17

Innovation

Answer 17

The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention.

Question 18

Invention

Answer 18

The combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not exist before.

Question 19

Language

Answer 19

An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture, includes gestures and other nonverbal communication.

Question 20

Law

Answer 20

Governmental social control.

Question 21

Material Culture

Answer 21

The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives.

Question 22

Mores

Answer 22

Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society.

Question 23

Nonmaterial Culture

Answer 23

Ways of using material objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication.

Question 24

Norm

Answer 24

An established standard of behavior maintained by a society.

Question 25

Sanction

Answer 25

A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm.

Question 26

Society

Answer 26

A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area, and participate in a common culture.

Question 27

Sociobiology

Answer 27

The systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior.

Question 28

Subculture

Answer 28

A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger society.

Question 29

Symbol

Answer 29

A gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication.

Question 30

Technology

Answer 30

Cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires.

Question 31

Value

Answer 31

A collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper- or bad, undesirable, and improper- in a culture.