Chapter 3

Question 1

Kepler

Answer 1

• inherited Brahe’s data
• focused on fitting Mars into the data
• started over and observed that ellipses fit the data of the planets

Question 2

ellipse

Answer 2

• a circle with an eccentricity <0

- major and minor axis

Question 3

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

Answer 3

1st: The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus
2nd: An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
3rd: Distance planets have slower orbital periods

Question 4

Galileo

Answer 4

-birth of modern science

Question 5

Aristotelian Objections

Answer 5

• Earth can not be moving because the objects in the air would be left behind
• no circular orbits are not as perfect as the heavens should be

Question 6

Galileo’s answers Aristotelian Objections

Answer 6

• an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an external force
• Tycho showed heavens are changing and thus not perfect
• used a telescope to detect stellar parallax

Question 7

Elements of modern science

Answer 7

• all theories must be falsifiable
• must rely solely on natural causes
• the simplest model is usually true (Occam’s razor)
• theories must match reality

Question 8

Asreology

Answer 8

• search for influences of the stars, planets
• supernatural explanations of natural events
• predictions fail to pass rigorous tests