chapter 3 Flashcards by Jenny rico

What is the Central Nervous System composed of?

The Brain and spinal cord

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What does the Peripheral Nervous System connect?

Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

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What is the Somatic Nervous System responsible for?

Conveys messages from sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles

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What does the Autonomic Nervous System control?

Controls the heart, intestines, and other organs

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What is the Neuraxis?

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord through the brain

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Define Midline in anatomical terms

An imaginary line that divides the body into two equal halves

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What is Grey Matter made up of?

Cell bodies and dendrites

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What is White Matter composed of?

Myelinated axons

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what is dorsal root ganglia

the cell bodies of the sensory neuron are in clusters of neuron outside the spinal cord

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What are Ventricles in the brain?

Four fluid-filled cavities

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What is the role of the Choroid Plexus?

Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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What is Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)?

A clear fluid that cushions the brain and helps support its weight

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What is the function of the Precentral Gyrus?

Specialized for the control of movement

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What is a Prefrontal lobotomy?

Surgical disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain

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Define Ablation

Removal of a brain area using a surgical knife

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What is a Lesion?

Damage caused by the removal of a brain region that affects another structure

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What does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) do?

Applies magnetic stimulation to stimulate neurons in the area below the magnet

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What is Optogenetics?

Using light to control a limited population of neurons

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What does an Electroencephalograph (EEG) measure?

Records electrical activity of the brain through electrodes

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What is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

It’s based on hemoglobin; Hemoglobin’s reaction to a magnetic field, differentiating between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin

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What does Positron Emission Tomography (PET) provide?

High-resolution images of activity in a living brain

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What is the Dorsal direction in the nervous system?

Towards the back, away from the ventral side

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What does Ventral mean?

Towards the stomach, away from the dorsal side

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What is the Anterior direction?

Toward the front end

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What is the Posterior direction?

Toward the rear end

Define Lateral in anatomical terms

Towards the side, away from the midline

What does Medial mean?

Towards the midline, away from the side

What does Inferior indicate?

Below another part

What does Superior indicate?

Above another part

What does Proximal mean?

Located close to the point of origin or attachment

What does Distal mean?

Located more distant from the point of origin or attachment

What is a Coronal plane?

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the front

What is a Sagittal plane?

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side

What is a Horizontal plane?

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from above

What is the function of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

Prepares the organs for a burst of vigorous activity

What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System also known as?

The rest and digest system; system of nerves that facilitate vegetative, nonemergency responses by the body's organs

structures in the hindbrain

medulla, pons, cerebellum

What functions does the Medulla control?

Vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and vomiting

What is the Pons?

Lies anterior and ventral to the Medulla, acts as a bridge

areas of the midbrain

superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra

What is the role of the Cerebellum?

Control of movement, balance, and coordination

What do the Superior Colliculi process?

Sensory information through vision

What do the Inferior Colliculi process?

Sensory information through hearing

What is the Substantia Nigra?

Gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway facilitating movement

What is the Limbic System?

Interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem

What is the main role of the Amygdala?

Evaluating emotional information, especially fear

What does the Cingulate Gyrus regulate?

Emotions and behavior regulation

What is the function of the Anterior Cingulate Gyrus?

Influences autonomic functions and roles in decision making

What do the Olfactory bulbs process?

Information about smell

What are Mammillary Bodies involved in?

Memory processes

What is the Thalamus's role?

Processes most sensory information and sends output to the cerebral cortex

What is the Hypothalamus associated with?

conveys message to pituitary gland to alter the release of hormones, motivates behaviors like eating and drinking

What does the Pituitary gland do?

Synthesizes hormones carried by blood to organs

What is the Basal Ganglia associated with?

Planning of motor movement, memory, and emotional expression

What is the Hippocampus critical for?

Certain types of memories, especially individual events

What are Meninges?

Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

What are the three layers of Meninges?

* Dura Mater * Arachnoid layer * Pia Mater

what is the cerebral cortex

layers of cells on the outer surface of the cerebral hemisphere of the forebrain

what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex

occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe

What is the Occipital Lobe responsible for?

Processing visual information

What does the Parietal Lobe do?

section of the cerebral cortex between occipitial lobe and central sulcus; monitors all info about eye, head, and body positions

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

its the primary target for auditory information; its the lateral portion of each hemisphere near the temples

What is the role of the Frontal Lobe?

containing the primary motor cortez and the prefrontal cortex, extends from the central sulcus to the anterior limit of the brain. Responsible for planning, problem solving, decision making and judgement

What is the prefrontal cortex and its function?

Anterior portion of the frontal Lobe responds to sensory stimuli that signal need for movement. Responsible for mostly move for Movement, Working memory, cognitive control and emotional reactions

What is the Binding Problem? with examples

question of how various brain areas produce perception of a single object. For binding to occur, a person perceives two sensations as happening at the same time and in the same place. Examples (ventriloquist, light flashing and sounds)

chapter 3 Flashcards

(65 cards)