Chapter 3

Question 0

Alleles

Answer 0

Alternate forms of a gene. Occur at the same locus on paired chromosomes and this govern the same trait, but because they’re different, their action may result on different expressions of that trait.

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

The double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code. DNS is a main component of chromosomes.

Question 2

Cells

Answer 2

A complex unit of protoplasm, usually with a nucleus, cytoplasm, and an enclosing membrane. Carrys out all functions

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

A large structure found in all eukaryotic cells. Contains al the chromosomes and is enclosed by a nuclear membrane

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

A large organic molecule that stores the genetic code for the synthesis of proteins. Each chromosome consist mostly of a DNA molecules. Segments of dynamic corrrespond to specific genes. Double helix shaped

Question 5

Cytoplasm

Answer 5

All of the material within a cell bettered the nuclear and cell membranes. Consists of semi fluid water rich viscous gel and contains numerous specialized structures or organelles involved with cell function

Question 6

X chromosome

Answer 6

Xx= female (sex chromosome)

Question 7

Y chromosome

Answer 7

Xy= male chromosomes

Question 8

Ribosomes

Answer 8

Small structures usually near the surface of endoplasmic reticular in the cytoplasm of cells. Sites here proteins are assembled.

Question 9

Sex chromosome

Answer 9

The x and u chromosomes which are responsible for determining whether an individual is a male or female

Question 10

Gametes

Answer 10

Sex cells involved in reproduction. Produced by meiosis. Are egg/sperm cells. Forms a zygote when combined with a sex cell

Question 11

Somatic cells

Answer 11

All the cells in the body except those directly involved with reproduction. Reproduce by mitosis and have a diploid number of chromosomes

Question 12

Nucleotide

Answer 12

The basic building block of a nucleus acid/ DNA molecule

Question 13

Meiosis

Answer 13

Involved in the production of sex/gametes cells. Specialized in ovaries and testes. Involved in two division and results in four daughter cells, each only containing only half the original number if chromosomes.

Question 14

Double helix

Answer 14

The twisted ladder shape that is characteristic of DNA molecules

Question 15

Uracil

Answer 15

One of the four nucleobases in the nucleus acid of RNA

Question 16

Adenine

Answer 16

A nucleobase which dictated cellular respiration and involved in protein synthesis

Question 17

Thymine

Answer 17

A nucleobase that paired with adenine in DNA sequences and is replaced by uracil in mRNA

Question 18

Guanine

Answer 18

One of the four nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA

Question 19

Cytosine

Answer 19

A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine I double stranded DNA

Question 20

Transcription

Answer 20

The process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic info stored in a DNA strain into a complementary strand of RNA

Question 21

tRNA

Answer 21

A form of RNA that binds to specific amino acid molecules and transports them to the ribosomes for the assembly of proteins. Temporarily bond with corresponding messenger RNA condons at the ribosomes in the process of protein synthesis

Question 22

mRNA

Answer 22

A very short form of RNA that carries a copy of a specific sequence of genetic info from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where it is translated in order to synthesize a protein. Assemble in on one strand of a DNA molecule

Question 23

Amino acids

Answer 23

Organic molecules that are the building Blocks of proteins. At least 20 diff kinds. Composed of different combos of amino acids assembled in chain like molecules. Composed of carbon oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen

Question 24

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 24

The RNA molecules that are located in the ribosomes

Question 25

Codon

Answer 25

A sequence of three nucleotide bases in DNA or RNA molecule that code for a specific type of amino acid that will be use in the synthesis of a protein

Question 26

Gene

Answer 26

Inheritance usually occurring at specific locations or loci on a chromosome. A sequence d DNA bases that specify the order of amino acids in a protein

Question 27

Hemoglobin

Answer 27

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

Question 28

Genome

Answer 28

The full genetic complement of an individual.

Question 29

Trisomy

Answer 29

The prescience of an extra chromosome in cells. Can lead to Down syndrome

Question 30

Allele

Answer 30

Alternate forms of a gene

Question 31

Locus

Answer 31

The position on a chromosome where a given gene occurs.

Question 32

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 32

A severe inherited hemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells collapse when deprived of oxygen. Results from inheriting two copies of a mutant allele

Question 33

Point mutation

Answer 33

A change in one of the four DNA bases/ important in new genetic variation in populations

Question 34

Human chromosome numbers

Answer 34

Each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosome for a total of 46

Question 35

Proteins

Answer 35

Any of large number of organic molecules that are compose of one or more chains of amino acids. Able to bind to other molecules. Transport molecules in blood, structural components, enzymes hormones antibodies or neurotransmitter a

Question 36

Autosomes

Answer 36

Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

Question 37

Karyotypes

Answer 37

A standardized arrangement of picture of an individuals chromosomes. Used to identify Ingrid's chromosome abnormalities are present

Question 38

Mitosis

Answer 38

The simple cell division that occurs I somatic cells. One cell divided in two offspring cells that are identical to each other in their chromosome complement.

Question 39

Cell replacement

Answer 39

Used for treatment for a wide range of debilitating diseases

Question 40

Crossing over

Answer 40

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis. Results in sperm and ova with greater genetic diversity due to a recombination of genes

Question 41

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 41

Chromosomes that are paired during meiosis.

Question 42

Reduction division

Answer 42

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms.

Question 43

Non disjunction

Answer 43

The failure of sister chromatids to deprecate during and after mitosis. (In meiosis it is the failure of homologous chromosomes to segregate or to separate during and after meiosis.

Question 44

Recombination

Answer 44

The creation of new combination of genes on a chromosome that results from crossing over

Question 45

Polymerase chain reaction

Answer 45

A biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating 1000s to 10000s of copies of a particular DNA sequence

Question 46

Trisomies

Answer 46

An abnormal condition where there are three copies in stead of two, of a particular chromosome within a cell

Question 47

Human genome project

Answer 47

A multinational research effort designed to identify and map the location of all human genes