Chapter 3 Flashcards
(17 cards)
What are Relative Risk Measures used for?
To estimate the strength or amount of an association between an exposure and an outcome
Includes prevalence ratio, risk ratio, odds ratio, and incidence rate ratio.
What does it mean if the relative risk is greater than one (RR > 1)?
Exposed individuals are at greater risk.
What does it mean if the relative risk equals one (RR = 1)?
There is no difference in risk between the exposed and unexposed groups.
What does it indicate if the relative risk is less than one (RR < 1)?
Exposed individuals are at a lower risk and the exposure can be called a protective factor.
How is the prevalence ratio calculated?
Prevalence in exposed individuals divided by prevalence in unexposed individuals.
What type of studies can the risk ratio be calculated from?
Ecological or cohort studies.
What is the risk ratio identical to?
Prevalence Ratio, but can only be applied to new cases.
How is the odds ratio calculated?
Odds of the outcome in the exposed group divided by odds of the outcome in the unexposed group.
What is the incidence rate ratio?
Incidence rate of the outcome in the exposed group divided by incidence rate of the outcome in the unexposed group.
What is Attributable Risk?
Determines how much of an outcome can be explained by a specific exposure.
How is the Attributable Fraction calculated?
Attributable risk expressed as a proportion of the outcome in exposed individuals.
What is the Preventable Fraction?
Measures the effect of a protective factor where incidence among unexposed individuals is greater than among exposed individuals.
Fill in the blank: The frequency occurring in _______ individuals is called the background risk of the outcome.
[unexposed]
Fill in the blank: The absolute impact of a proposed intervention can be calculated from the population _______ risk.
[background]
Fill in the blank: The incidence rate of the outcome in the _______ sample population can then be calculated as (a + c)/(b + d).
[study]
Fill in the blank: If the relative risk is greater than one (RR > 1), _______ individuals are at greater risk.
[exposed]
Fill in the blank: The study sample for the survey was the subset of 500 people who were tested for _______.
[the outcome]
