Chapter 3 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of what two structures?
A
Brain and Spinal Cord
2
Q
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) connects the brain/spinal cord to the rest of the _____.
A
Body
3
Q
What two systems make up the Peripheral Nervous System?
A
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System
4
Q
What system controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the CNS?
A
Somatic Nervous System
5
Q
What system controls the heart, intestines, and other organs?
A
Autonomic Nervous System
6
Q
What anatomical term means “towards the back”?
A
Dorsal
7
Q
What anatomical term means “towards the stomach”?
A
Ventral
8
Q
What anatomical term means “towards the front end”?
A
Anterior
9
Q
What anatomical term means “towards the rear end”?
A
Posterior
10
Q
What anatomical term means “above another part”?
A
Superior
11
Q
What anatomical term means “below another part”?
A
Inferior
12
Q
What anatomical term means “toward the side, away from the midline”?
A
Lateral
13
Q
What anatomical term means “toward the midline, away from the side”?
A
Medial
14
Q
What anatomical term means “located close to the point of origin/attachment”?
A
Proximal
15
Q
What anatomical term means “located more distant from the point of origin/attachment”?
A
Distal
16
Q
What anatomical term means “on the same side of the body”?
A
Ipsilateral
17
Q
What anatomical term means “on the opposite side of the body”?
A
Contralateral
18
Q
What plane shows brain structures as seen from the front?
A
Coronal/Frontal Plane
19
Q
What plane shows brain structures as seen from the side?
A
Sagittal Plane
20
Q
What plane shows brain structures as seen from above?
A
Horizontal Plane
21
Q
________ is a row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites.
A
Lamina
22
Q
________ is a set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with similar properties.
A
Column
23
Q
________ is a set of axons within the CNS, also known as a projection. If axons extend from cell bodies in structure A to synapses onto B, we say that the fibers “project” from A onto B.
A
Tract
24
Q
_________ is a set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS.
A
Nerve
25
_________ is a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS.
Nucleus
26
_________ is a cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside the CNS (as in the sympathetic nervous system).
Ganglion
27
_________ is a protuberance on the surface of the brain.
Gyrus/Gyri
28
_________ is a fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another.
Sulcus
29
________ is a long, deep sulcus.
Fissure
30
In the spinal cord, entering dorsal roots carry (motor/sensory) information.
Sensory
31
In the spinal cord, exiting ventral roots carry (motor/sensory) information.
Motor
32
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord, known as __________.
Dorsal Root Ganglia
33
Part of the CNS found within the spinal column communicates with the sense organs and muscles, except those in the ______.
Head
34
Which type of matter is located in the center of the spinal cord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites?
Grey Matter
35
In the spinal cord, which type of matter is composed mostly of myelinated axons that carry information from the grey matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord?
White Matter
36
Each segment/vertebrae sends _______ information to the brain and receives _______ commands.
Sensory
Motor
37
Which system sends and receives messages to regulate the automatic behaviors of the body, such as heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, digestion, etc.?
Autonomic Nervous System
38
What two subsystems is the Autonomic Nervous System divided into?
Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System
39
Which system is composed of a network of nerves that prepares the organs for rigorous activity / "fight-or flight" response?
Sympathetic Nervous System
40
Which system is composed of ganglia on the left and right of the spinal cord?
Sympathetic Nervous System
41
Which system increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration while decreasing digestion?
Sympathetic Nervous System
42
Which system facilitates vegetative and nonemergency responses?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
43
Which system decreases functions increased by the sympathetic nervous system?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
44
Which system is composed of long preganglion axons extending from the spinal cord and short ganglionic fibers that attach to the organs themselves?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
45
The Parasympathetic Nervous System is dominant during our ______ state.
Relaxed
46
Which neurotransmitter is mostly released by postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
47
Which neurotransmitter is mostly released by the sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine
48
What two structures compose the diencephalon?
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
49
What five structures compose the mesencephalon/middle brain?
Tectum, Tegmentum, Superior Colliculus, Inferior Colliculus, and Substantia Nigra
50
What three structures compose the telencephalon?
Cerebral Cortex, Hippocampus, and Basal Ganglia
51
What three structures compose the rhombencephalon/hindbrain?
Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum
52
The hindbrain is located at the _______ portion of the brain.
Posterior
53
Hindbrain structures, the midbrain, and other central structures combine and make up the ________.
Brain Stem
54
Which structure is located just above the spinal cord and is considered an enlarged extension of the spinal cord?
Medulla
55
Which structure is responsible for vital reflexes such as breathing, coughing, sneezing, heart rate, vomiting, and salvation?
Medulla
56
What structure allows the medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and many parasympathetic outputs?
Cranial Nerves
57
Which cranial nerve is responsible for skin sensations from most of the face and control of jaw muscles for clenching and swallowing?
Trigeminal Nerve
58
Which cranial nerve is responsible for sensations and control of neck, thorax, larynx, esophagus to stomach and intestines?
Vagus Nerve
59
Which structure lies on each side of the medulla?
Pons
60
In which structure does axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord such that the left hemisphere controls the right and vice versa?
Pons
61
Which structure is located in the hindbrain with many deep folds?
Cerebellum
62
Which structure helps regulate motor movement, balance, and coordination?
Cerebellum
63
Which structure is important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli?
Cerebellum
64
Which structure is the roof of the midbrain?
Tectum
65
Which structure in the midbrain processes sensory information?
Superior Colliculus and Inferior Colliculus
66
Which structure contains nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation?
Tegmentum
67
Which structure gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement?
Substantia Nigra
68
What is the most anterior and prominent part of the mammalian brain with two cerebral hemispheres?
Forebrain
69
The ________ consists of the outer cortex and subcortical regions.
Forebrain
70
In the _________, each side receives sensory information and controls motor movement from the opposite (contralateral) side of the body.
Forebrain
71
Which system consists of a number of other interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem?
The Limbic System
72
Which system is associated with motivation emotions, such as eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety, and aggression?
Limbic System
73
Which system includes the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex?
Limbic System
74
What two structures are part of the forebrain and located underneath the cortex?
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
75
Which structure is a relay station from the sensory organs and is the main source of input to the cortex?
Thalamus
76
Which structure conveys messages to the pituitary gland to alter the release of hormones?
Hypothalamus
77
Which structure is associated with behaviors such as eating, drinking, sexual behavior, and other motivated behaviors?
Hypothalamus
78
Which structure is a hormone-producing gland found at the base of the hypothalamus?
Pituitary Gland
79
Which structure comprises the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globes pallidus?
Basal Ganglia
80
Which structure is associated with planning of motor movement and with aspects of memory and emotional expression? It is also important for attention, language planning, and other cognitive functions.
Basal Ganglia
81
The Basal Forebrain contains what important structure?
Nucleus Basalis
82
Which structure receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to the cerebral cortex to increase arousal, wakefulness, and attention?
Nucleus Basalis
83
The _________ is composed of several structures that lie on the dorsal surface of the forebrain.
Basal Forebrain
84
Which structure is a large and located between the thalamus and cerebral cortex toward the posterior portion of the forebrain?
Hippocampus
85
Which structure is critical for certain types of memory, especially memories for individual events?
Hippocampus
86
What is the term for four-fluid filled cavities within the brain's central canal containing cerebrospinal fluid?
Ventricles
87
What is the term for a clear fluid found in the brain and spinal cord?
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
88
What element provides cushioning for the brain and serves as a reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord?
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
89
What is the term for membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
90
T/F: Meninges contain pain receptors.
True
91
Swollen blood vessels in the meninges are the cause of __________.
Migraine Headaches
92
What is the term for the most prominent part of the mammalian brain?
Cerebral Cortex
93
Which structure consists of the cellular layers on the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres?
Cerebral Cortex
94
The Cerebral Cortex is joined by two bundles of axons called the _________ and __________.
Corpus Callosum
Anterior Commisure
95
T/F: The Cerebral Cortex is more highly developed in humans than other species.
True
96
T/F: The Cerebral Cortex is divided into two halves.
True
97
The Cerebral Cortex contains up to 6 distinct _________ (layers) that are parallel to the surface of the cortex. These cells are also divided into _______ that lie perpendicular to these layers.
Laminae
Columns
98
What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
99
Which lobe is located at the posterior end?
Occipital Lobe
100
Which lobe is known as the striate cortex or the primary visual cortex?
Occipital Lobe
101
Which lobe is highly responsible for visual input, to which damage can result in cortical blindness?
Occipital Lobe
102
Which lobe contains the postcentral gyrus or "primary somatosensory cortex"?
Parietal Lobe
103
Which lobe is a primary target for touch sensations and information from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors?
Parietal Lobe
104
Which lobe is responsible for processing and integrating information about eye, head, and body positions from information sent from muscles and joints?
Parietal Lobe
105
Which lobe is essential for spatial information as well as numerical information?
Parietal Lobe
106
Which lobe is located on the lateral portion of each hemisphere near the temples?
Temporal Lobe
107
Which lobe is the target for auditory information and essential for processing spoken language?
Temporal Lobe
108
Which lobe is responsible for complex aspects of vision, including movement and some emotional and motivational behaviors?
Temporal Lobe
109
Which lobe it Kluver-Bucy syndrome associated with?
Temporal Lobe
110
Which lobe contains the prefrontal cortex and pre central gyrus?
Frontal Lobe
111
Which region/structure is responsible for the control of fine motor movement and is also known as the primary motor cortex?
Precentral Gyrus
112
Which region/structure is the integration center for all sensory information and other areas of the cortex?
Prefrontal Cortex
113
Which region/structure is responsible for higher functions such as abstract thinking and planning and working memory (ability to remember recent events and information)?
Prefrontal Cortex
114
People with damage to what area exhibit delayed task response?
Prefrontal Cortex
115
What is the surgical disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain that was common for schizophrenics in the 1940's to 1950's?
Prefrontal Lobotomy
116
T/F: All areas of the brain communicate with each other, but no single central processor exists that puts it all together.
True
117
__________ refers to how the visual, auditory, and other areas of the brain produce a perception of a single object.
The Binding Problem
118
T/F: For binding to occur, a person perceives two sensation perceives two sensations happening at the same time and in the same place.
True
119
What is the term for removal of a brain area?
Ablasion
120
What is the term for damage to a brain area, often done for research?
Lesion
121
What is the term for an instrument used to damage structures in the interior of the brain?
Stereotaxic Instrument
122
______________ is application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below the magnet.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
123
______________ allows researchers to study behavior with a brain area active, then inactive, then active again.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
124
____________ is a technique that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by a device that shines a laser within the brain.
Optogenetics
125
_____________ records electrical activity produced by various brain regions.
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
126
______________ is similar to EEG but measures the faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity instead.
Magnetoencephalograph (MEG)
127
____________ records emission of radioactivity from injected radioactive chemicals to produce a high-resolution image.
Positron-Emission Tomography (PET)
128
_____________ is a modified version of an MRI that uses oxygen consumption in the brain to provide a moving and detailed picture.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
129
T/F: fMRI is a safer and less expensive alternative than PET.
True
130
_____________ is the process of relating skull anatomy to behavior, which was one of the first ways to study the brain and had limited to no accurate results.
Phrenology
131
___________ occurs when due is injected into the blood and X-rays pass through the head, used to identify tumors and abnormalities.
CAT Scan
132
_________ occurs when a powerful magnetic field is applied to the brain to produce an image.
MRI
