Chapter 3

Question 1

Guillan Barre

Answer 1

Demyleination in the PNS; attacks Schwann cells

Question 2

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 2

Attacks Ogliodendrocytes in CNS

Question 3

Astrocytoma

Answer 3

Tumor of astrocyte- causes motor weakness, movement difficulties, problem solving & executive function problems

Question 4

Myastenia Gravis

Answer 4

Major muscle weakness, problem with synaptic transmission of acetylcholine.

1. Autoimmune blockade or destruction of nicotinic ACH receptors on postsynaptic membrane
2. Decrease in binding of ACH on postsynaptic membrane

Question 5

Depression

Answer 5

Possible problem with synaptic transmission of Serotonin

Question 6

Presynaptic Terminal

Answer 6

End of axons- specialized for the release of chemicals; contains the neurotransmitters

Question 7

Neurotransmitter

Answer 7

chemicals

Question 8

Postsynaptic Terminal

Answer 8

The membrane region of the receiving cell; contains receptors

Question 9

Types of Synapse

Answer 9

1. Axodendritic
2. Axosomatic
3. Axoaxonic

Question 10

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

Answer 10

Local depolarization

- Na+ or Ca++ facilitate into cell

Question 11

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

IPSP

Answer 11

Local hyper polarization

-Cl- into cell or K+ out of the cell

Question 12

Presynaptic Facilitation

Answer 12

More Ca++ influx facilitates the release of more neurotransmitter

Question 13

Presynaptic Inhibition

Answer 13

Reduced Ca++ influx reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released

Question 14

Neurotransmitters & Neuromodulators

Answer 14

Chemicals that convey info. among neurons.

Question 15

Neurotransmitter

Answer 15

released by a presynaptic neuron and acts directly on postsynaptic ion channels or activates proteins inside the postsynaptic neuron

Question 16

Neuromodulator

Answer 16

released into the extracellular fluid and adjusts the activity of many neurons.
(slower and longer affect than neurotransmitter)

Question 17

Inotropic

Answer 17

Neurotransmitter affect the postsynaptic neuron directly, by activating ion channels
(fast-acting)

Question 18

Metabotropic

Answer 18

Neurotransmitter affect the postsynaptic neuron indirectly, by activating proteins inside the postsynaptic neuron
(slow-acting)

Question 19

Acetylcholine

Answer 19

Acts in PNS, fast acting & excitatory only

Question 20

Glutamate

Answer 20

Most prevalent fast acting & excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

Question 21

GABA

Answer 21

Most prevalent fast acting inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.

Question 22

Synaptic Receptors

Answer 22

Located on the postsynaptic membrane

Question 23

Postsynaptic receptors use 3 mechanisms to transduce signals

Answer 23

1. directly opening ion channels (fast synaptic transmission)
2. indirectly opening ion channels (slow synaptic transmission)
3. Activating a cascade of intracellular events, including activation of genes (slow synaptic transmission)

Question 24

Ligand- gated ion channel

Answer 24

proteins that function both as receptors for the neurotransmitter and as ion channels.

Question 25

Endogenous Ligands

Answer 25

created in the body | ex: Acetylcholine

Question 26

Exogenous Ligands

Answer 26

created outside the body | ex: Drugs

Question 27

G- Protein Mediated Receptors

Answer 27

linked to ion channels ( not neurotransmitter) | -indirect activation of ion channels (slow but prolonged opening & closing of ion channels)

Question 28

Cascade of intracellular events (2nd messenger system)

Answer 28

Activates genes to manufacture neurotransmitters or other cellular products

Question 29

Receptor Regulation

Answer 29

Cells regulate receptor regulation activity by limiting the # of receptors available, or changing the stimulation

Question 30

Up Regulation

Answer 30

More receptors in the membrane or turn them on

Question 31

Down Regulation

Answer 31

Take receptors out of the membrane or turn them off

Question 32

Neurotransmitter Agonists

Answer 32

mimics the effects of naturally occurring neurotransmitters

Question 33

Neurotransmitter Antagonists

Answer 33

prevents the release of neurotransmitters or binds to the receptor and impedes the effects of a naturally occurring transmitter

Question 34

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

Answer 34

Antibodies destroyed by voltage-gated Ca++ channels in the presynaptic terminal. Causes a decreased release of neurotransmitter and decreased excitation of the muscle, leading to muscle weakness. Typically occurs in people with small cell cancers of the lung.