Chapter 3

Question 1

Ankyloglossia

Answer 1

Ankyloglossia - short frenum

Question 2

Apnea

Answer 2

Apnea- stopping of breath

Question 3

Atelectasis

Answer 3

Atelectasis – alveoli in lungs don’t expand or collapse

Question 4

Atresia

Answer 4

Atresia – absence of normal opening

Question 5

Atresia choanae

Answer 5

Atresia choanae – posterior nasal cavity not open

Question 6

Bradycardia

Answer 6

Bradycardia – drop in heart rate below 90 bpm

Question 7

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Answer 7

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia – chronic lung disorder seen in neonates- requires ventilator

Question 8

Choelstatic jaundice

Answer 8

Choelstatic jaundice – caused by bile in liver

Question 9

Cyanotic

Answer 9

Cyanotic – bluish color due to lack of oxygen

Question 10

Embryogensis

Answer 10

Embryogensis- development of embryo

Question 11

Gavage feedings

Answer 11

Gavage feedings – feeding through tube

Question 12

Hypoplasia

Answer 12

Hypoplasia – incomplete development of tissue or organ

Question 13

Mandibular hypoplasia

Answer 13

Mandibular hypoplasia – incomplete development of mandible

Question 14

Microcephaly

Answer 14

Microcephaly – small head

Question 15

Micrognathia

Answer 15

Micrognathia – small mandible

Question 16

Moebius sequence

Answer 16

Moebius sequence – sequence of events in utero, damage to CN and face

Question 17

Neonate

Answer 17

Neonate - newborn

Question 18

Phenyldetonuria (PKU)

Answer 18

Phenyldetonuria (PKU) –metabolic disorder at birth

Question 19

Pierre Robin Syndrome

Answer 19

Pierre Robin Syndrome – symptom cluster: small mandible, tongue, clefts of hard palate

Question 20

Spina bifida

Answer 20

Spina bifida – defect in spinal column

Question 21

Subglottic stenosis

Answer 21

Subglottic stenosis – narrowing or trachea

Question 22

Tachycardia

Answer 22

Tachycardia – elevated heart rate

Question 23

Tachynpea

Answer 23

Tachynpea – elevated level of breathing

Question 24

Toxemia

Answer 24

Toxemia – toxic products in blood

Question 25

Tracheomalacia

Answer 25

Tracheomalacia – softening of tracheal cartilages

Question 26

Transitional feeding

Answer 26

Transitional feeding – stage of eating from liquid to solid

Question 27

Embryonic Development - ___ stages of development - ___ ___: end of 8th week - __ ___-9 weeks to birth - Fetus viable after __ weeks - After __ - ___ week can survive with medical support - 4th-8th week crucial to ___ and ___development (cranial nerves formed ___-___week)

Answer 27

- 23 stages of development - Embryonic Period: end of 8th week - Fetal period-9 weeks to birth - Fetus viable after 23 weeks - After 25-29th week can survive with medical support - 4th-8th week crucial to neural and organ development (cranial nerves formed 5th-6th week)

Question 28

Swallowing Development - Early in 4th Week: ___ ___ develops - Non-nutrative sucking- __-___weeks, seen in “premies” at __ - __ weeks - 12th-13th week- swallows __ __ - ___ reflex by 32 weeks - ___ nerve, taste buds- 12-13 weeks - Smell by __-__ weeks - Birth-learns __-__-__ patterns - Stable pattern by __-__ weeks (necessary for breast or bottle feeding)

Answer 28

- Early in 4th Week: Pharyngeal apparatus develops - Non-nutrative sucking- 11th-12th weeks, seen in “premies” at 27-28 weeks - 12th-13th week- swallows amniotic fluid - Rooting reflex by 32 weeks - Trigeminal nerve, taste buds- 12-13 weeks - Smell by 28-29 weeks - Birth-learns suck-swallow-breathe patterns - Stable pattern by 34-36 weeks (necessary for breast or bottle feeding)

Question 29

Premature Infants ~2 major prerequisites (Arvedson, 1996) 1. Strong, rhythmic __ ____ (2 per second) 2. Stable ___ Arvedson says….most achieve oral feeding at __-__ weeks, some strong babies at __ weeks.

Answer 29

~2 major prerequisites (Arvedson, 1996) 1. Strong, rhythmic non-nutrative suck (2 per second) 2. Stable airway Arvedson says….most achieve oral feeding at 34-37 weeks, some strong babies at 32 weeks.

Question 30

Normal Anatomy ~Differs from adult: - Hyoid is... - __ __ in pharynx - Larynx more __ and __ - Tongue relatively ___-fills oral cavity - __ ___ stabilize cheeks - Small ___ makes tongue seem large - ___ breathers - the __ and __ touch each other in the child

Answer 30

~Differs from adult: - Hyoid is high in the neck - Gentle curve in pharynx - Larynx more superior and anterior - Tongue relatively larger-fills oral cavity - Sucking pads stabilize cheeks - Small mandible makes tongue seem large - Nasal breathers - epiglottis and soft palate

Question 31

In first years ``` ~Breathe through __ and ___ ~__ ___ disappear ~Neck ___ ~___ ___ increases ~___ changes between naso- and oro-pharynx ```

Answer 31

``` ~Breathe through mouth and nose ~Sucking pads disappear ~Neck elongates ~Laryngeal vestibule increases ~Angle changes between naso- and oro-pharynx ```

Question 32

Developmental Milestones ``` ~Sucking vs. suckling: -Initially suckle-, __-__ ____ -___/___ motion -Lips are ___ ~Develop sucking pattern __-__ months old -___ moves up and down -More organized expression of ___ ```

Answer 32

``` ~Sucking vs. suckling: -Initially suckle-, 2nd-3rd trimester -Backward/forward motion -Lips are loose ~Develop sucking pattern -6-9 months old -Tongue moves up and down -More organized expression of milk ```

Question 33

Nutrative vs. non-nutrative suckling ``` ~Non-nutrative- sucking air or fist -More ___ -__ per second -6-8 per ___ ~Nutrative- bottle or nipple -Initially a long burst of sucks changing to more ___ -__ per second -Young infants: __:__ suck to swallow; older __-__ sucks per swallow ```

Answer 33

``` ~Non-nutrative- sucking air or fist -More repetitive -6 per second -6-8 per swallow ~Nutrative- bottle or nipple -Initially a long burst of sucks changing to more intermittent -One per second -Young infants: 1:1 suck to swallow; older 2-3 sucks per swallow ```

Question 34

Infant Swallowing Reflexes ``` 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ```

Answer 34

``` Gag Phasic bite Tongue protrusion Rooting Suckling swallowing ```

Question 35

Apgar Scores 4 skills Score 0,1,2 Interpreted as: Poor= Fair= Good=

Answer 35

Poor=0-3; Fair=4-7; Good=7-10