Chapter 3

Question 1

An average, or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group or population.

Answer 1

norm

Question 2

an average or standard, for a particular population

Answer 2

norm

Question 3

Weight gain is dramatic. True or False

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition.

Answer 4

head-sparring

Question 5

If teething or a stuffed-up nose temporarily slows weight gain, nature slows growth of the body but not the brain, a phenomenon called

Answer 5

head-sparring

Question 6

CNS

Answer 6

central nervous system

Question 7

the brain and spinal cord begins with nerve cells called

Answer 7

neurons

Question 8

At biirth, the human brain has billions of neurons, most of them about 70 percent in the

Answer 8

cortex

Question 9

one of billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially in the brain

Answer 9

neuron

Question 10

the outer layer of the brain in humans and other mammals. the most crucial part,Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the

Answer 10

cortex

Question 11

the area of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control

Answer 11

prefrontal cortex

Question 12

a fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron tot he dendrite of other neurons

Answer 12

axon

Question 13

a fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons

Answer 13

dendrite

Question 14

the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons

Answer 14

synapses

Question 15

A brain chemical that carries information from the axon of sending neuron to the dendrites of receiving neuron

Answer 15

neurotransmitter

Question 16

the pathway across which neurotransmitters carry information from the axon of the sending neuron to the dendrites of the receiving neuron.

Answer 16

synaptic gap

Question 17

the final part of the brain to mature is

Answer 17

the prefrontal cortex

Question 18

within and between areas of the CNS, neurons are connected to other neurons by intricate network fibers called

Answer 18

axons and dendrites

Question 19

the critical communication links within the brain

Answer 19

synapses

Question 20

The axon of one neuron meets the dendrites of other neurons at intersections called

Answer 20

synapses

Question 21

Axons and dendrites do not touch at the synapse. True of false

Answer 21

True

Question 22

the electrical impulses in axons typically cause the release of chemicals called

Answer 22

neurotransmitters

Question 23

carry information from the axon of the sending ______, across the ________ to the dendrites of the receiving ________ is called

Answer 23

neurons, synaptic gap, neurons, neurotransmitters

Question 24

The link between one neuron and another…..the infant brain contains billions of neurons, each with one axon and many dendrites, every electrochemical message to and from the brain causes thousands of neurons to fire simultaneously, each transmitting the message across the synapse to neighboring neurons.

Answer 24

Nature and the brain

Question 25

every experience that a person has--especially in the early days and months--activates prunes neurons, such that the firing patterns from one axon to another dendrite reflect the past.

Answer 25

Nurture and the brain

Question 26

the great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant's brain during the first two years of life

Answer 26

transient exuberance

Question 27

Early dendrite growth is called

Answer 27

transient exuberance

Question 28

Why is early dendrite growth called transient exuberance

Answer 28

exuberant because it is so rapid and transient because some of it is temporary

Question 29

the expansive growth of a dendrite is followed by

Answer 29

pruning

Question 30

When applied to brain development the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die

Answer 30

pruning

Question 31

face blindness, relatively uncommon

Answer 31

prosopagnosia

Question 32

area of your brain is astonishingly adept to face recognition

Answer 32

the fusiform face

Question 33

by 3 months, most babies smile more readily at familiar people and are more accrue at differentiating faces from their own ethnic group

Answer 33

own-race effect

Question 34

the result of limited multiethnic experience, not innate prejudice

Answer 34

own-race effect

Question 35

a life threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections

Answer 35

shaken baby syndrome

Question 36

The inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit; literally, to return to sitting or standing upright after being tipped over. People of all ages have self-righting impulses, for emotion as well as physical imbalance

Answer 36

self-righting

Question 37

A stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed likes, dreaming and rapid brain waves

Answer 37

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

Question 38

Why does shaking the baby stop the baby from crying

Answer 38

shaking stops the crying because blood vessels in the brain rupture and fragile neural connections break

Question 39

abusive head trauma is an example of

Answer 39

shaken baby syndrome

Question 40

understanding development as dynamic and interactive means

Answer 40

helping caregivers from the start, not waiting until destructive systems are established

Question 41

an inborn drive to remedy deficits---is built into the human system

Answer 41

self-righting

Question 42

with flickering eyes and rapid brain waves that indicates dreaming

Answer 42

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

Question 43

quiet sleep

Answer 43

slow-wave sleep

Question 44

a custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same room

Answer 44

co-sleeping

Question 45

when parents bring decades-old memories into the bedroom of their children

Answer 45

ghosts in the nursery

Question 46

the response of sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus

Answer 46

sensation

Question 47

The mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation

Answer 47

perception

Question 48

requires experience

Answer 48

perception

Question 49

why are new infants not more cautious

Answer 49

because sensation precedes perception and perception leads to cognition

Question 50

occurs when a sensory system detects a stimulus, as when the inner ear reverberates with sound or the retina and pupil of the eye intercept light

Answer 50

sensation

Question 51

occurs when the brain processes a sensation

Answer 51

perception

Question 52

the ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image

Answer 52

binocular vision

Question 53

coordinating both eyes to see one image

Answer 53

binocular vision

Question 54

the learned abilities to move some part of the body, in action ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid (The work motor here refers to movement of muscles

Answer 54

motor skills

Question 55

any movement ability

Answer 55

motor skill

Question 56

deliberate actions that coordinate many parts of the body, producing large movement, are called

Answer 56

gross motor skills

Question 57

physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping (the word gross here means "big")

Answer 57

gross motor skills

Question 58

head-down

Answer 58

cephalocaudal

Question 59

proximodistal

Answer 59

center-out direction

Question 60

physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin. (The word fine here means "small')

Answer 60

fine motor skills

Question 61

small body movements

Answer 61

fine motor skills