Chapter1 Flashcards
(99 cards)
0
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What are the complexities of studying all kinds of people
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1.
1
Q
Why are theories considered so importance in science?
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2
Q
What special methods do developmentalists use to study change over time?
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3
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Why do scientists conclusion need to be interpreted with caution?
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4
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The science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same overtime
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Science of human development
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A way to answer questions that empirical research and database conclusions.
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Scientific method
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A prediction that can tested
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Hypothesis
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Evidence based on data from scientific observation or experiments; not theoretical
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Empirical evidence
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Developmentalists recognize that growth over the life span is
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Multicultural, multidirectional, multi contextual, multidisciplinary, and plastic
9
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On the basis of theory, prior research, or a personal observation, pose a question
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Begin with curiosity
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Five basic steps in scientific method and the added sixth method
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- Begin with curiosity 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis 4 draw a conclusion 5. Report the results and 6. replication
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A specific prediction that can be tested
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Hypothesis
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Empirical evidence (data)
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Test hypothesis
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Use the evidence to support or refute the hypothesis
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Draw conclusions
14
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Share the data, conclusions, and alternative explanation
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Report the results
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Repeating the procedure and methods of a study
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Replication
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Are revised, refined, and confirmed after replication
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Conclusion
17
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Refers to the influence of the genes that people inherit
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Nature
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Refers to environmental influences
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Nuture
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Also called the heredity-environment and maturation-learning
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The nature-nurture debate
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Explored the many ways environmental factors alter genetic expression
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Epi genetics
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A general term for traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception
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Nature
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The study of using different participants
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Replication
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A general term for all the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived
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Nurture
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Crib death or cot death
SIDS
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SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome
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A science that seeks to understand how and why each individual is affected by changes that occur over the life span
The study of development
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As a science, developmental research follows five steps
Question, hypothesis, empirical research, conclusions based on data, and publication
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A sixth step in developmental research is and. Its function is to
Replication, confirms, refutes, or refines conclusions of a scientific study
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Both genes and environment affect every human characteristic in an explosive interaction of
Nature-nurture
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Empirical evidence refers to
evidence based on data from scientific observation or experiments; not theoretical
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The term that refers to the traits inherited at conception is
nature
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List the scientific method
begin with curosity by posing a question, develop a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, draw conclusions, report the results, replicate
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The combination of all environmental influences that affect a developing person is called
Nurture
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An approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood
life-span perspective
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The term used to describe an infant's unexpected death: when a seemingly healthy baby, usually between 2 and 6 months old, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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Multiple changes in every direction, characterized the life span
Multidirectional (development)
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If a particular human trait were to be charted over time. it would be apparent that some traits appear and disappear, with increases, decreases and zigzags.
Development is multidirectional
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Change can occur rapidly and dramatically (caterpillars become butterflies)
discontinuity is evident
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Growth can be gradual (redwoods grow taller over hundreds of years)
continuity is found
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A time when a particular type of developmental growth (in the body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen.
critical period
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A time when a certain time of development is most likely to happen or happens most easily, although it may still happen later. (early childhood is consider this)
sensitive period
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A period of development is a time which a particular development must occur if it is to occur at all
critical period
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A period of development is a time in which a particular development occurs easily
sensitive period
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antinausea drug
thalidomide
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Why is developmental study a science
because it depends theories, data, analysis, critical thinking, and sound methodology, just like every other science
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To avoid unexamined opinions and to rein in personal biases, researchers follow the
five steps of the scientific method
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influences of genes we inherit
nature
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Environmental influences that affect development
nurture
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The basic question of nature - nurture debate is
How much of any characteristics, behavior, or emotion is the result of genes and ho much is the result of specific experiences?
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Affects every characteristic
genes and the environment, nature always affect nurture and nurture always affects nature
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The opposite of genetic vulnerability
epigenetics
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genes predispose people to be influenced by environment; the impact of a spanking, or a beer, or a marathon depends partly on
genetic vulnerability
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What was the sole focus of development study
the first two decades of life
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Over time, human characteristics change in every direction.
Several major theorists describe discontinuous stages of development: Freud, Erickson, Piaget.
Others view development as a continuous process.
Developmental is multidirectional
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Empirical evidence refers to
evidence based on data from scientific observation or experiments' not theoretical
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The term that refers to the traits inherited at conception is
nature
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the combination of all environmental influences that affect a developing person is called
nuture
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a______period of development is a time in which a particular development must occur if it is to occur at all
critical period
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a _____periods of development is a time in which a particular development occurs easily
sensitive period
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A(n) _____ is a group of people born roughly at the same historical time
cohort
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A person's income and level of education is part of his or her
socioeconomic status
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The systems of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, expectations, and symbolic representations that persist over time and prescribe social rules of conduct is known as
culture
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______ refers to the environmental factors that affect the expression of genes
epigenetic
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According to Freud, the _____ stage is the first stage of development
oral
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_______ is the psychoanalytic theorist who described 8 stages of human development
Erik Erikson
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Each person is affected by many social contexts and interpersonal interactions.
Three nested levels surround individuals and affect them.
Approach later named bioecological theory.
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Development is multicontextual.
Ecological Systems (Bronfenbrenner)
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takes place within many contexts, including physical surroundings (climate, noise, population density, etc.) and family configurations (married couple, single parent, cohabiting couple, extended family
development is muticontextual
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a developmentalist that led the way to considering contexts
Urie Bronfenbrenner
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the multifaceted relationship between the organism and its environment
ecology
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the view that in the study of human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life and was remained biological theory
ecological-system approach
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name the ecological systems
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Microsystems
Exosystems
Macrosystems
Chronosystem
Mesosystem
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Historical context
Cohort
Demographic characteristics
Political issues
Development is multicontextual
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A concept constructed, or made, by society
social construction
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affect how people think and behave and what they value, ignore, and punish. culture is so basic to thinking and emotions, people are usually unaware of their cultural values
social construction
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Traditionally relates to food costs and family size
| Revised definition of poverty under way that takes into account housing, medical care, and various subsidies
poverty development is multi contextual
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Set of ideas that people share.
culture
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Consists of people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion
ethnic group
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Humans tend to believe that they, their nation, and their culture are a little better than others (difference-equals-deficit error).
Belief becomes destructive if it reduces respect and appreciation for others.
Differences may be an asset or a deficit.
difference-equal-deficit-error
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one of the reason a multicultural approach is necessary
difference-equal-deficit-error
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A leader in describing the interaction between culture and education
Lev Vygotsky
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a universal process used by mentors to teach cultural knowledge, skills, and habits
guided participation/ Lev Vygosty
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Social construction, affected by social context, not a direct outcome of biology
Ethnicity
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Social construction that continues to lead to racism.
Race
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A term that exaggerates minor differences
color
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human development requires insights and inform from many scientists, past and present, in many disciplines; this helps our understanding of every topic benefits from
multidisplinary (development is)
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mapped all genes that make up a person
The Human Genome Project
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epi influences occur in the first hours of life as biochemical elements silence certains genes, in a process called
methylation
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Depression is genetic and neurological.
Depression is developmental.
Depression is environmentally influenced.
Overall, at least 12 factors are linked to depression.
Each factor is related to research from a different discipline.
Multidisciplinary research on depression
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Name a neuroscience factors that is linked to depression
low serotonin in the brain, as a results of an allele of the gene for serotonin to transport
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Name a psychopathology factor that is linked to depression
Childhood caregiver depression, especially postpartum depression with exclusive mother-care
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Name a biological factor linked to depression
Low exposure to daylight, as in winter in higher latitudes
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Name a nutrition factor linked to depression
Malnutrition, particularly low hemoglobin
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Name an anthropological factor linked to depression
Lack of close friends, especially when entering a new culture, school or, neighborhood
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Name an medical factor linked to depression
Diseases, including Parkinson's and AIDS, AND DRUGS TO TREAT DISEASES
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Name a sociological factor linked to depression
Disruptive event, such as breakup with a romantic partner
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Name a psychological factor linked to depression
death of a mother before age 10
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Name a family studies factor linked to depression
absence of father during childhood-esp because of divorce, less so because of a death or migration
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Name a genetic factor linked to depression
family history of eating disorders ( not necessarily of the depressed person)
