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General Pyschology > Chapter 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a sensation?

A

Raw information from the senses

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1
Q

What is a sense?

A

System that translates data from outside the nervous system into neural activity

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2
Q

What are perceptions?

A

The process of takin raw sensations from the environment and giving them meaning usin knowledge experience and understanding of the world

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3
Q

What are accessory structures?

A

Structures that modify a stimulus

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4
Q

What is a transduction?

A

Process of converting incoming physical energy into neural activity

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5
Q

What are neural receptors?

A

Cells that are specialized to detect certain types of energy and convert it into neural activity

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6
Q

Sensory adaptation?

A

Decreasing responsiveness to an unchanging stimulus

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7
Q

What is encoding?

A

Translating physical properties of a stimulus into a specific pattern of neural activity

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8
Q

What structure modifies energy?

A

Accessory

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9
Q

What does a receptor do?

A

Transduces energy into a neural response

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10
Q

What kind if nerves transfer the coded activity to the CNS?

A

Sensory

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11
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Process and relays the neural response

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12
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

Receives input and produces the sensation and perception

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13
Q

What is absolute threshold?

A

The minimum amount of stimulus energy that can be detected 50% of the time

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14
Q

What is Weber’s Law?

A

The smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy

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15
Q

What is sensory energy?

A

Light and sound energies vibrate as waves

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16
Q

What is a wavelength?

A

Distance from one peak to another

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17
Q

What is frequency?

A

Number if complete waves that pass a given point in a given amount of time

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18
Q

What is amplitude?

A

Height of the wave from baseline to peak

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19
Q

What are the 5 major structures of the eye?

A

Cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina

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20
Q

How many photoreceptors are in the retina?

A

2

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21
Q

What are rods?

A

They allow sight even in dim light and cannot distinguish colors

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22
Q

What are the 2 photoreceptors in the retina?

A

Rods and cones

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23
Q

What do cones do?

A

Less sensitive to light and can distinguish colors

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24
What is dark adaptation?
Increasing ability to see in the dark as times passes
25
What is fovea?
Circular region concentrated by cones located in the retina
26
What is an optic nerve?
A bundle of fibers that carries visual information to the brain
27
What is blind sight?
Point at which the optic nerve exits the eyeball
28
What is a hue?
Essential color determined by the dominant wavelength of a light
29
What is color saturation?
Purity if a color
30
What is brightness?
Overall intensity of the wavelengths making up light
31
What are the 2 theories of color?
Trichromatic and the opponent process
32
What is the trichromatic theory?
Three colors, mixing versions colors of red, blue and green light in varying ratios can produce any other color
33
What is the opponent process?
Visual elements that are sensitive to color are grouped into red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white pairs
34
What is sound?
A repetitive vibration in the pressure of a substance (such as air)
35
What does vibration of an object do?
Produces the fluctuations in pressure that makes sound
36
What is a wave?
Repetitive change in pressure that spreads out in three directions
37
What is loudness measured by?
Decibels (db)
38
What are decibels determined by?
Sound wave amplitude or height
39
What is pitch?
How low or high a tone sounds
40
What is pitch the frequency of?
Complete waves that pass a point in one second
41
In measuring pitch what is one cycle per sound?
1 hertz (Hz)
42
What is timbre?
Sound's quality
43
What is timbre determined by?
Mixtures of frequencies and amplitudes that result in complete wave patterns that are added to the lowest or fundamental frequency of a sound
44
The human ear converts sound energy into neural activity through a series of what?
Accessory structures and transduction mechanisms
45
What is the pinna?
The crumpled oddly shaped external ear on the side of the head that collects sound waves in the outer ear and funnels them into the ear canal
46
What do sound waves strike at the end of the ear canal?
The tightly stretched tympanic membrane (eardrum) of the middle ear
47
What three tiny bones do the tympanic membrane's movements shake?
Hammer, anvil, & stirrup
48
What do the hammer, anvil, and stirrup amplify?
The vibrations and direct then onto a smaller membrane called the oval window
49
What part of the ear does auditory transduction occur in?
The cochlea if the inner ear
50
What is the cochlea?
Fluid filled 'tube' coiled into a spiral that begins at the oval window
51
What is the basilar membrane?
The floor of the cochlea
52
What happens when a sound wave passes through the fluid in the tube?
It moves the basilar membrane which bends hair cells on the membrane
53
What do hair cells make connections with?
Fibers from the acoustic nerve (auditory nerve)
54
What is the acoustic nerve?
A bundle of axons that go into the brain
55
What does the stimulated auditory nerve send?
Signals to the brain about the amplitude and frequency of sound waves enabling the sensation of sound
56
What at the two types of deafness?
Conduction and nerve
57
What is conductive deafness
The middle ear's bones fuse so that they cannot properly amplify vibrations
58
What are the treatments for conduction deafness?
Hearing aids, surgery and replacing natural bones with plastic bones
59
What is nerve deafness?
Results from damage to the auditory nerve or the hair cells
60
What are treatments for nerve deafness?
Cochlear implants
61
What can high intensity sound do?
Rip off the hair cells of the inner ear
62
What does the auditory nerve carry to the thalamus?
Input
63
After input is carried to the thalamus information is then relayed to the primary auditor cortex of what?
The temporal lobe
64
Cells in the auditory cortex have what?
Preferred frequencies
65
What does each neuron in the auditory nerve have?
Characteristic frequency
66
What do parts of the auditory cortex specialize in?
Processing certain types of sounds and also information from other senses
67
What happens when the sound is more intense?
The firing of given neurons are more rapid
68
What kind of sounds peak at the beginning of the basilar membrane?
High-frequency
69
What kind of sounds peak further down the basilar membrane?
Lower-frequency
70
What is the place theory?
The greatest response by hair cells occurs at the peak of a wave
71
What happens cells with a particular characteristic frequency fire?
We sense a sound of that frequency
72
What does the frequency-matching (volley theory) state?
The firing rate of auditory nerve neurons matches the frequency of a sound wave
73
What are very low frequency sounds encoded by?
Frequency matching
74
What are low to moderate sound frequencies encoded by?
Both frequency matching and place
75
What are high sound frequencies encoded by?
The place where waves peak
76
What are the chemical senses?
Smell and taste
77
What does a food's flavor depend on?
Smell and taste
78
What does warm foods taste like?
Sweeter
79
What can the aroma of warm food create?
More flavor sensations
80
Why do spicy food stimulate pain fibers in the mouth?
because they contain a substance called capsaicin
81
What do olfactory perception detect?
Chemicals that are airborne
82
What do neurons in the upper nose detect?
Molecules that pass into the mucous membrane (moist lining)
83
Where do odor molecules bind to?
Receptors on the dendrites of olfactory neurons and lead to changes in the firing rates of these neurons
84
What do combined axons of odor molecules form?
The olfactory nerve
85
What are different odors sensed?
Because of patterns of responses by odorants receptors
86
What is the only sense that does not send its message through the thalamus?
Olfaction
87
What do olfaction axons extend directly into?
The brain to synapse in the olfactory bulb
88
What plays important roles in emotion and memory?
The olfactory bulb's connections to the amygdala
89
What chemical does some animals release that other animals can detect and respond too behaviorally and physiologically?
Pheromones
90
What does the sense if taste (taste perception or gustatory perceptions) detect?
Chemicals in the solution that comes into contact with receptors in the mouth
91
Where are gustatory receptors located?
In taste buds on the tongue, roof of mouth and throat
92
What only 4 sensations can the human taste system detect?
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty
93
What 2 more taste sensations has research revealed?
Umami and astringent
94
What is the umami taste sensation triggered by?
Monosodium glutamate and a few other proteins
95
What is the astringent taste sensation produce by?
Tannis which is usually found in tea

General Pyschology (3 decks)

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