Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

(35 cards)

1
Q

Digit Span

A

Used to test short term memory

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Limited to 6 or 7 digits for most people. We know numbers so it’s easier, but to memorize a foreign language digits is much harder

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2
Q

N-Back Test

A

Used to test working memory

1-back
2-back
Press a button whenever an item was seen N-items before.

Increasing the lag increases the difficulty and the executive load/work load (complex task of retrieving)

Frontal lobe involved in task and increases with executive load/working memory

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3
Q

Modal Models - Atkinson and shiffrin

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Modal Model

Info through the environment enters through our senses
Sensory memory
Short term memory

Has multimodal structures but they do not interact. Does not have attention.

Assumes that holding an item in short term memory is sufficient for longterm memory. Evidence against this assumption- Craik and Lockhart

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4
Q

Multi components models

A

Get answer

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5
Q

Modal Model - craik and Lockhart

A

Atkinson and sheriff believed that holding memory in short term is sufficient for longterm

Craik and Lockhart states learning depends on how the memory is processed
This is the levels of processing theory

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6
Q

Modal model - neuropsychological

A

Atkinson and shiffrin assume short term memory is crucial for transferring info into and out of longterm memory. If you assume this then any short term memory deficit will greatly impact longterm memory

This is incorrect.

Evidence in neuropsychology - short term memory deficits without longterm memory deficits

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7
Q

Phonological Loop - another STM model

A

Model of verbal STM

Short-term store and verbal rehearsal process:
Short-term storage is limited in capacity with input stored as memory traces that decay in few seconds. These memories can be refreshed with subvocal articularey process (verbal)

Phonological similarity effect: can retrieve words better when they are similar in sound
and word length

Acquisition of new words: verbal memory span decreases with longer words

Phonological loop explains the acquisition of new words

short term store & articulatory rehearsal process

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8
Q

Phonological Loop - Neuropsychological Evidence

A

Patient PV:
a digit span of 2 items

Profound inability to learn a new language, suggesting that phonological loop evolved to aid language acquisition

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9
Q

Phonological Loop Problems

A

Maintaining order in visual and verbal STM involve separate or the same process?

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10
Q

Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory

A
  • multicomponent model
  • emphasis on differentiation between STM and WM
  • Visuospatial Sketchpad: holds visual and/or spatial encoded items
  • Central executive: attention controller, decides what to share with visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop. Verbal and visual memory is mediated here.
  • Phonological loop: holds sequences of acoustic speech

DRAW OUT SEVERAL TIMES

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11
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

holds visual and spatial memory

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12
Q

Central Executive

A

attention controller. decides what to share with visuo and phonological

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13
Q

Problems with Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory

A

1) . Doesn’t explain how long-term memory and working memory interact
2) . Why do images based on LTM not depend on the sketchpad or phonological subsystems

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14
Q

What is the current Model?

A

Episodic Buffer - DRAW OUT SEVERAL TIMES

-Episodic buffer explains relationship between working memory and longterm memory

Attempts to answer why images based in LTM don’t depend on the sketchpad or phonological system

Episodic buffer is controlled by central executive

-storage system with a capacity of verbal, visual or semantic)

BOTTOM UP METHOD - starts from visual, episodic LTM, language then builds to more complex cognitive processes like attentiton

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15
Q

What does Episodic Buffer explain?

A

communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory.

Components of working memory: phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, central executive, and episodic buffer

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16
Q

Cowan’s Embedded Processes Theory - Working Memory

A

First TOP DOWN MODEL: starts with higher cognitive functions such as attn then latter analyzes WM and LTM

Working Memory.

Working memory is controlled by attentional processes
Activation is temporary unless maintained through active verbal rehearsal or continued attention
Active memories are multi-dimensional and resembles the episodic buffer

17
Q

Turner and Engle Inhibitory Control Theory - Working Memory

A

Operation Span: Participants had to remember words and math then state what words they remembered i.e. APPLE, 7+2-1

Participants with a low operation span are more susceptible to interference from irrelevant material

Thus, the ability to inhibit irrelevant material is tied to working memory and not STM

First study that relates WM with other executive functions that is inhibitory control

18
Q

Two types of Inhibition

A

Resistance to interference within memory

Inhibiting a powerful response

get more info on textbook

19
Q

Baddeley’s WM vs. Turner’s WM

A

Baddeley’s WM vs. Inhibitory Control Theory

Baddley’s model WM is isolated and not related with other executive functions (i.e. attention). Still has executive functions but not interconnected with the WM

Inhibitory Control relating inhibitory control with WM.

20
Q

Executive Attention Model

A

Current Model
TOPDOWN
Working Memory Capacity and attentional processes = Executive Attention

Working Memory Capacity can predict a broad range of higher order cognitive abilities: reasoning, language comprehension, fluid intelligence

Working Memory works in relation with other executive functions and uses diff. brain areas, not isolated.

21
Q

Executive Function

A
Emotional Regulation
Attention
Self-Monitoring
Working Memory
Effort
Planning and Organizing
22
Q

Executive Attention + Dorsolateral PFC Circuitry

A

Dorso. is critical to executive-atttn functions: network of anterior and posterior “attentional control” areas

23
Q

Summary In order

A
  1. Modal model has difficulty explaining: interactions btwn. LTM and STM
  2. Baddeley&Hitch: proposed multicomponent model of WM; It includes:
    central executive: controls attn
    Phonological loop: holds and manipulates speech based info
    Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad: holds and manipulates visual and spatial info
    This stll could not explain relationship btwn WM and LTM
  3. Episodic Buffer was added to explain relationship btwn WM and LTM
    Facilitates interactions btwn any of the subsystems, in addition to LTM and perception
  4. WM predicts performance across wide range of cognitive tasks, thus many theories came about:
    Embedded processes theory
    Inhibitory Control Theory
    Executive Attention
24
Q

Subsystems

A

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
Phonological Loop
Episodic Buffer

(double check this in textbook)

25
Working Memory Span
Complex memory span tasks in which simultaneous storage and processing is required
26
Word Length Effect
A tendency for verbal memory span to decrease when longer words are used Memory decay is quicker on longer words
27
Articulator Suppression
Technique for disrupting verbal rehearsal by requiring participants to continuously repeat a spoken item
28
Irrelevant Sound Effect
Tendency for verbal STM to be disrupted by concurrent fluctuating sounds (i.e. speech or music)
29
Free Recall
A method where participants are presented with a sequence of items which they can recall in any order they wish
30
Recency Effect
A tendency for the last few items in a list to be well recalled
31
Primary Effect
A tendency for the first few items to be better recalled than most of the following items
32
Long-Term Recency
A tendency for the last few items to be recalled under conditions of long-term memory
33
Corsi Block Tapping
Visuo-Spatial counterpart to digit span involving an array of blocks that the tested taps in a sequence and the patient attempts to copy
34
What does the Modal Model assumes?
That info comes in from the environment and is processed by brief temporary sensory memory systems
35
Visio-spatial STM
Retention of visual and/or spatial info. Over brief periods of time.