Chapter 3 Flashcards
(50 cards)
The lower percentage of TBW in females correlates with higher percentage of _____?
Adipose tissue and lower muscle mass
Where can you find 80% water percentage in TBW?
Newborns
Extracellular water is ____%
And is divided into _____(5%) and ____(15%)
20% , plasma , interstitial fluid
Intracellular water makes up how many percent of the TBW? And where is the largest proportion found?
40% skeletal muscle mass
What are the principal anions of the intracellular compartment? And the principal cations?
Anion: K+ and Mg+
Cation: phosphates, proteins from muscles and sulfates
What is the principal anion of the ECF? What are the principal cations?
Anion: sodium
Cation: Cl- and HCO3-
Concentration gradient between the ICF and ECF compartments is maintained by???
ATP driven NA/K+ pump
The physiologic activity of electrolytes depends on?
Number of particles per unit volume
Number of electric charges per unit volume
Number of osmotically active ions per unit volume
What are the principal determinants of osmolality?
Sodium
Glucose
Urea
Daily water loss in the stool?
250ml
Daily water loss in the urine?
800-1500ml
Daily water insensible loss?
600ml
To excrete metabolic products, kidneys must excrete a minimum of _____ of urine per day
500-800ml, regardless of the amount of oral intake
Disorders in fluid balance? (Classification)
Disturbance in:
Volume
Concentration
Composition
Acute volume deficit is associated with?
Cardiovascular and central nervous system signs
Chronic deficits display what in addition to cardiovascular and central nervous signs?
Turgor, sunken eyes and tissue signs
What is the most common source of volume deficit in surgical patients?
Loss of GI fluids
Volume changes are senses by?
Osmoreceptors and Baroreceptors
Are specialized sensors that detect even the smallest changes in fluid osmolality and drive changes in thirst and kidney diuresis
Osmoreceptors
What are the cardiac signs that occur if there is a volume deficit?
Tachycardia
Orthostasis
Hypotension
Collapsed neck veins
What are the generalized signs that occur if there is an excess in volume?
Weight gain
Peripheral edema
Changes in serum sodium concentration is ____proportional to TBW
Inversely
An excess in extracellular water relative to sodium
Hyponatremia
For every 100mg/dl of glucose above normal, sodium decreases by how many mEq/L?
1.6 mEq/L