Chapter 3 Flashcards

Question

EEG research

Answer 1

* Research has found that babies respond to language long before they speak. * Experiences of all sorts connect neurons and grow dendrites.

Answer 2

• Playing, allowing varied sensations, and encouraging movement – Patterns, not moments, of neglect or maltreatment harm the brain.

Answer 3

• A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth. – This motion ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections.

Answer 4

Is the gradual process by which an infant's senses begin to grow. These senses are sight, taste, touch, smell and hearing. Sensory development begins during GESTATION • Typically precedes intellectual and motor development yet are present in utero • At birth, infants possess functional sensory systems; – vision is somewhat organized – audition (hearing), olfaction (smell), and touch are fairly mature

Answer 5

Response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a STIMULUS – A physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body.

Answer 6

The mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation (from stimulus) • Infants' brains are especially attuned to their own repeated social experiences, and perception occurs • Infant brain and auditory capacity to hear sounds in the usual speech range • The parts of the cortex dedicated to the senses develop rapidly.

Answer 7

* Develops during the LAST TRIMESTER of pregnancy * Most advanced of the newborn's senses * Speech perception by four months after birth

Answer 8

BROCA’S AREA (like "boca") • Note that a person could hear but not understand OR understand but not speak if Broca’s area is damaged.

Answer 9

COMPREHENSION of language Damage causes Wernicke's aphasia, characterized by superficially fluent, grammatical speech but an inability to use or understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs.

Answer 10

* Least mature sense at birth * Newborns focus between four and 30 inches away * Experience and maturation of visual cortex improve shape recognition, visual scanning, and details

Answer 11

Usually present by 3 months, but understanding depth requires experience

Answer 12

• Smell and taste function at birth and rapidly adapt to the social world – Newborns can recognize the smell of their own amniotic fluid • Newborns are primed to learn very quickly about the smells associated with their mothers

Answer 13

* Sense of touch is acute in infants * Although all newborns respond to being securely held, soon they prefer specific touches * Some touches may be experience-expectant for normal growth

Answer 14

* Pain and temperature are often connected to touch. * Some people assume that even the fetus can feel pain. * Others say that the sense of pain does not mature until months or years later.

Answer 15

Reflexes that... • Maintain oxygen supply, e.g. breathing reflex • Maintain constant body temperature, e.g. shivering • Manage feeding, e.g. rooting

Answer 16

Involuntary response to particular stimuli. | Reflexes become skills if they are practiced and encouraged.

Answer 17

a reflex in which the big toe remains extended when the sole of the foot is stimulated

Answer 18

baby appears to take steps when held upright with their feet touching a solid surface

Answer 19

when infant is placed face down in a pool of water, will begin to paddle and kick in a swimming motion. – They are NOT swimming and cannot swim alone. The reflex disappears between 4–6 months.

Answer 20

Stroking the palm of a baby's hand causes the baby to close their fingers in a grasp. The grasp reflex lasts until about 5 to 6 months of age.

Answer 21

‘STARTLE reflex’, occurs when baby is startled by a loud sound, movement or change in position. Baby throws back their head, extends out the arms and legs, cries, then pulls the arms and legs back in. Lasts about 5 to 6 months.

Answer 22

Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping. (The word gross here means “big.”) – Every basic motor skill develops over the first two years of life.

Answer 23

(or DEXTERITY) Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin. (The word fine here means “small.”) – Shaped by culture and opportunity (writing, painting, carving, etc.)

Answer 24

(head-down or head-to-toe) principle refers to the general pattern of development seen in the earliest years ranging from infancy into toddlerhood.

Answer 25

(center-out) direction - is a pattern of growth observed in very young children where parts of the body closest to the trunk develop motor skills before parts of the body further away. Simply stated, gross motor skills like waving an arm develop before fine motor skills like writing legibly.

Answer 26

* Muscle strength * Brain maturation * Practice

Answer 27

* Social interaction * Comfort * Learning

Answer 28

Vision using two eyes with overlapping fields of view, allowing good perception of depth – Develops between 2 and 4 months

Answer 29

Accidents • United Nations estimates that more than 8 billion children were born between 1950 and 2015 and that almost 1 billion of them died before age 5.

Answer 30

* Infant survival | * Maternal education

Answer 31

– An infant’s unexpected, sudden death; when a seemingly healthy baby, usually between 2 and 6 months old, stops breathing and dies while asleep. • Back to Sleep program cut SIDS rate dramatically Other Risks • Low birthweight • Exposure to cigarette smoke • Bed-sharing

Answer 32

the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine.

Answer 33

Stimulate or prime the body's own immune system to resist and protect against subsequent infection or disease. • Contributes to reduced mortality and population growth

Answer 34

– Smallpox – Polio – Measles

Answer 35

* Embryos/rubella * Newborns * People with compromised immune systems; herd immunity Problems • Reactions • Potential side effects • Parental refusal; myths

Answer 36

* For every infant disease (including SIDS), breast-feeding reduces risk and malnutrition increases it, stunting growth of body and brain. * Breastfed babies are less likely to develop allergies, asthma, obesity, and heart disease. * As the infant gets older, the composition of breast milk adjusts to the baby's changing nutritional needs.

Answer 37

Condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind that can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death

Answer 38

Failure of children to grow to a normal HEIGHT for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition

Answer 39

Tendency for children to be severely UNDERWEIGHT for their age as a result of malnutrition

Answer 40

• Brains may not develop normally • Protection against common diseases may be reduced. • Some diseases result directly from malnutrition – Marasmus – Kwashiorkor

Answer 41

A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies.

Answer 42

A disease of chronic malnutrition, in which a protein-calorie deficiency makes a child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza.

Answer 43

Type of adaptation in which new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate with, old ideas.

Answer 44

Type of adaptation in which old ideas are restructured to | include, or accommodate, new experiences.

Answer 45

Piaget's term for the way infants think—by using their senses and motor skills—during the first period of cognitive development.

Answer 46

– Reflexes – First acquired adaptations: Accommodation and coordination of reflexes – Making interesting sights last – New adaptations and anticipation: Becoming more deliberate and purposeful – New means through active experimentations – New means through mental combinations: Thinking before doing, new ways of achieving a goal without resorting to trial and error

Answer 47

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed (seen, heard, touched, smelled or sensed in any way)

Answer 48

a sequence in which an infant first perceives something done by someone else and then performs the same action hours or even days later

Answer 49

A perspective that compares human thinking processes to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output. * Modeled on computer functioning * Involves step-by-step description of the mechanisms of thought * Adds insight to understanding of cognition at every age * Has overturned some of Piaget's conclusions—including the concept of object permanence

Answer 50

1. Listening and responding 2. Babbling 3. First words 4. Verbs and nouns 5. Putting words together

Answer 51

High-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants

Answer 52

* Extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old * Gradual imitation of accents, cadence, consonants, and gestures in the environment

Answer 53

* At about 1 year, babies speak a few words. | * Spoken vocabulary increases gradually (about one or two new words a week).

Answer 54

– Single word used to express a complete, meaningful thought – Infants differ in use of various parts of speech, depending on the language they are learning (e.g., more nouns and fewer verbs).

Answer 55

A sudden increase in an infant’s vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age. – Once vocabulary reaches about 50 expressed words, it builds rapidly, at a rate of 50 to 100 words per month – 21-month-olds say twice as many words as 18-month-olds. – Ratio of nouns to verbs vary from place to place.

Answer 56

• Grammar includes all the devices by which words communicate meaning. – Sequence, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, volume, verb forms, pronouns, negations, prepositions, and articles • Proficiency in grammar correlates with sentence length MLU

Answer 57

The average number of meaningful sound combination in a typical sentence (called utterance, because children may not use conventional words). MLU is often used to indicate a child’s language development.

Answer 58

A point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100. The 50th percentile is the midpoint; half the people in the population being studied rank higher and half rank lower.

Answer 59

A custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the SAME ROOM.

Answer 60

When two or more people sleep in the same bed.

Answer 61

The learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid.

Answer 62

The stage-five toddler (age 12 to 18 months) who experiments without imagining the consequences, using trial and error in active and creative exploration.

Chapter 3 Flashcards

(86 cards)