Chapter 3

Question 1

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 1

Endosomes filled with extra cellular fluid

Question 2

What is phagocytosis

Answer 2

Phagosomes containing solid objects that may be as large as the cell itself. In this process cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia; surround the object and their membranes fuse to form a phagosome

Question 3

What is exocytosis

Answer 3

A vehicle formed inside the cell fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane.

Question 4

What is concentration gradient?

Answer 4

The difference between the high and low concentrations

Question 5

Under what conditions gradients can be increased or decreased?

Answer 5

Distance, molecule size, temperature, electrical forces

Question 6

What is osmosis?

Answer 6

Net diffusion of water across a membrane

Question 7

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 7

An indication of the force with pure water moves into that solution as a result of its solute concentration

Question 8

What is isotonic?

Answer 8

A solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell

Question 9

What is hypertonic?

Answer 9

Has more sokutes and gains water by osmosis; cell shrinks and shrivels; crenation

Question 10

What is hypotonic?

Answer 10

Has less solutes and loses water through osmosis- cell swells; hemolysis

Question 11

What is active transport?

Answer 11

A high energy bond- provides energy needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane- endocystosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, excytosis

Question 12

What is passive transport?

Answer 12

Requires no energy- diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Question 13

What is mitosis?

Answer 13

The division of a single cell nucleus that provides two identical daughter cells nuclei and essential step and cell division

Question 14

What is meiosis?

Answer 14

Cell division that produces gametes with half the normal somatic chromosome complement

Question 15

What is differentiation

Answer 15

The gradual appearance ofcharacteristic cellular specialization during development as the result of gene activation or repression

Question 16

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 16

It is the material between the plasma membrane in the membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Question 17

What are organelles?

Answer 17

They are structures to spend it with in the cytosol that perform specific functions for the cell

Question 18

What is the cytosol?

Answer 18

It contains dissolved nutrients ions soluble and insoluble proteins and waste products

Question 19

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 19

It is an internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility

Question 20

What are microfilaments

Answer 20

They anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the plasma membrane in determining the consistency of the cytoplasm Actin can produce movement of a portion of a cell or change the shape of the entire cell by interacting with the protein myosin

Question 21

What are intermediate filaments?

Answer 21

It strengthens the cell and help maintain its shape and stabilizes the positions of organelles and stabilizes the position of the cell with respect to surrounding cells

Question 22

What are microtubules

Answer 22

They are the main portions of the cytoskeleton giving the cell strength in Ridgely and anchoring the position of the major organ else to microtubules change the shape of the cell and may assist in cell movement three microtubules can serve as a kind of monorail system to move vesicles or other organelles within the cell for during cell division microtubules distribute duplicated chromosomes 5 microtubules form structural components of organelles such as centriole and cilia

Question 23

What are microvilli

Answer 23

They are finger shaped projections of the plasma membrane on their exposed surfaces

Question 24

What are thick filaments

Answer 24

They are made of the protein myosin and they appear and all types of muscle cells were they produce powerful contractions by interacting with actin filaments

Question 25

What are centrosomes

Answer 25

It is a region of the cytoplasm located next to the nucleus in a cell it is the microtubule organizing center of animal cells in the heart of the cytoskeleton system

Question 26

What are centrioles

Answer 26

They aid in the formation of the spindle apparatus needed for the movement of DNA strands during cell division

Question 27

What is cilia

Answer 27

They are fairly long slender extensions of the plasma membrane and are found in both the respiratory and reproductive trucks in at various other locations in the body

Question 28

What is flagellum

Answer 28

It is the extension of the plasma membrane and is motile but much longer and beats like a wave like fashion and the only human cell with flagellum is a sperm cell

Question 29

What are ribosomes

Answer 29

They are responsible for protein synthesis

Question 30

What are free ribosomes

Answer 30

They are scattered throughout the cytoplasm in the proteins a manufacturer directly into the cytosol

Question 31

What are fixed ribosomes

Answer 31

They enter the ER where they are modified and package for use within the cell or they are secreted from the cell

Question 32

What are proteasomes?

Answer 32

They are organelles that contain an assortment of protein digesting enzymes are proteases; their job is to remove proteins from the cytoplasm

Question 33

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 33

It is a network of intracellular membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope which surrounds the nucleus 1. it helps with synthesis 2. Storage- can store synthesized molecules or materials absorbed from the cytosol 3. Transport- materials can travel from place to place within the ER 4. Detoxification- the ER can absorb drugs or toxins and neutralize them with enzymes

Question 34

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 34

It is where a mini newly synthesized proteins are chemically modified in package for export to their next destination the golgi apparatus

Question 35

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 35

1. Synthesis of the phospholipids in cluster all needed for maintenance and growth of the plasma membrane, ER, nuclear membrane and the golgi apparatus and all cells

Question 36

What is the golgi apparatus

Answer 36

1. Modifies and packages secretions such as hormones or enzymes for release from the cell 2. Renews or modifies the plasma membrane 3. packages special enzymes with the investor calls for use in the cytoplasm

Question 37

What are lysosomes

Answer 37

They remove damaged organelles they also destroy bacteria and also do essential cleanup and recycling inside the cell

Question 38

What are peroxisomes

Answer 38

They absorb in breakdown fatty acid's and other organic compounds as they do so peroxisomes generate hydrogen peroxide

Question 39

What is the mitochondria

Answer 39

It creates energy has an unusual double membrane the inner membrane is called the cristae in the outer membrane is called the matrix