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GEOG 1180 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Sources of Air Pollution (name 3)

A

Volcanoes
Wildfires
Dust storms

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2
Q

The atmosphere can be divided by…

A
  1. Composition
  2. Function
  3. Temperature
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3
Q

List the categories for COMPOSITION:

A

Heterosphere

Homosphere

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4
Q

List the categories for FUNCTION:

A

Ionosphere

Ozonosphere

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5
Q

List the categories for TEMPERATURE:

A
  • Troposphere
  • Stratosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Thermosphere
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6
Q

HEAT

A

the flow of kinetic energy between molecules from one body or substance to another resulting from a temperature difference between them

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7
Q

Types of heat Energy

A

(2 TYPES)

  • sensible heat
  • latent heat
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8
Q

Sensible heat

A

result of kinetic energy of molecular motion

i.e Temperature

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9
Q

Latent Heat

A

energy gained/ lost when a substance changes states

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10
Q

Name all methods of heat transfer (4)

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Conduction
  3. Convection
  4. Advection
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11
Q

Radiation

A

transfer of heat energy in electromagnetic waves

sun to Earth, fire, stove
- radiation from a hotter substance travels in shorter wavelengths

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12
Q

Conduction

A

molecule to molecule transfer of heat energy

  • diffuses through a substance
  • involves a certain amount of resistance, with energy lost as it travels through
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13
Q

Convection

A

the vertical transfer of heat energy by the mass of a substance via mixing or circulation of gases and liquids

  • as molecules circulate, they transfer heat
  • hot less dense matter rises, cooler denser matter sinks
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14
Q

Advection

A

the horizontal transfer of heat energy via mixing or circulation of gases and liquids

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15
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy of motion, produced by vibration energy of molecules.

  • intensity of that movement is measured as temperature
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16
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored energy (either due to composition or position)

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17
Q

Photochemical Smog

A

Result of the interaction of sunlight and the combustion products in automobile exhaust

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18
Q

Name 3 chemical reactions NO2 (nitrogen oxide) is involved in in our atmosphere

A
  1. interaction w/ oxygen to form O3 (ozone)
  2. Bonds w/ water vapour to form nitric acid (HNO3) (ACID RAIN)
  3. Interacts w/ VOCs to produce perxyacetyl nitrates of PANs, pollutants that damage crops and forests
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19
Q

ACID RAIN

A

?

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20
Q

PARTICULATE MATTER

A

diverse mixture of fine particles, both solid and liquid, that pollute the air and affect human health.

examples: haze, smoke, dust, sulfate aerosol

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21
Q

Black carbon / Soot

A

an aerosol having devastation health effects in developing countries

  • absorbs heat in the atmosphere and changes the reflectivity of surfaces such as snow and ice
22
Q

Haze

A

concentration of microscopic particles and air pollution that diminishes clarity

23
Q

Air

A

simple mixture of gases that is naturally odorless, colorless, tasteless, formless, blended so thoroughly that it behaves as if it were a single gas.

24
Q

Exosphere

A

rarefied outer atmospheric halo beyond the Thermopause at an altitude of 480km - 32,000km

  • consists of scarce lightweight hydrogen and helium atoms
  • less dense than our atmosphere, almost a vaccuum
25
Diffuse Radiation
Insolation reaching Earth's surface after scattering
26
Global Net Radiation
Input from sun - Output by Earth = Global Net Radiation | varies across the globe: In the Sahara desert the net radiation is negative because there are no clouds
27
Temperature Inversion
Occurs when the normal temperature, which usually decreases with altitude (normal lapse rate), reverse trend and begins to increase at some point. - Cold dense air has warmer less dense air overlying it - Stops mixing and the air in the lower portion is trapped (inversion layer) and does not clear out
28
Extent of the Atmosphere
480km
29
Homosphere
Sea level - 80km - gases are uniformly mixed - With the exception of: ozone layers and air pollution - composed primarily of: nitrogen and oxygen, (water vapour, co2 etc)
30
Heterosphere
80km - 480km gases are not evenly mixed
31
Carbon Dioxide
Natural by-product of life, a variable gas that is increasing rapidly - absorbs radiation, warming the earth - too little causes global cooling
32
Thermosphere
- 80 - 480 km - Height depends on solar activity - less solar activity = lower - more solar activity = higher - 1200 °C + temperatures, but not hot
33
Mesosphere
- 50 - 80 km - Coldest part of the atmosphere at - 90°C - Ice crystals form (cosmic + meteoric dust provide nuclei) - Temperatures increase with altitude - Low pressure
34
Stratosphere
- 18 - 50 km - Contains the OZONE LAYER - Temperatures increase with altitude
35
Troposphere
- sea level - 18 km - Thickness controlled by surface temperatures (19 km at equator, 8km at poles) - temperatures decrease with altitude (normal lapse rate which is 6.4 °C) - Mixing of air of troposphere and stratosphere is prevented because troposphere is cooler, denser than stratosphere which is warmer, less dense
36
IONOSPHERE
- ~ 80-400 - part of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation - radio propogation - Electrically charged layer - absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, Xrays and Short Wave radiation (UV) (- shortwave radiation reacts with oxygen and nitrogen - results in in loss of electron which creates positive charged ion - Electrons travel as electric currents)
37
How many regions is the IONOSPHERE composed of?
4 regions - D, E, F and F2 - AM radio - F and E visible at night
38
OZONOSPHERE
- located in the stratosphere - ozone layer - responsible for the absorption of UV rays - three oxygen molecules - UVB and UVA are absorbed and reradiated as infared rays
39
Ozone depletion
Occurs when CFC's and sunlight react and break down O3, causing a hole in the ozone layer and an increase in UVA and UVB radiation
40
Natural Sources of pollution produce what kind of pollutants?
- Nitrogen Oxide - Carbon Monoxide - Hydrocarbons - Carbon Dioxide
41
Natural Pollution from VOLCANOS
- ash, sulfur dioxide - obscure the atmosphere - reduction of insolation - global cooling - sometimes increasing glacial activity, increasing albedo (positive feedback)
42
Natural Pollution from WILDFIRES
- particulate matter (dust, soot, ash) - nitrogen oxide - carbon monoxide - volatile organic compounds (VOC's)
43
Main constituents of air
Nitrogen Oxygen Argon CO2
44
Air pressure
Air molecules create air pressure (through their motion, size and number,) exerting forces on all surfaces they come in contact with - measured in force per unit area
45
"-pause"
Where one layer of the atmosphere ends and another begins. Generally defined by temperature change.
46
Aerosol
suspensions of solid or liquid particles in a gas
47
Why is ground-level ozone bad?
While tropospheric ozone still shields us from UV radiation, it has adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.
48
Natural factors that affect pollution?
Wind, Local and Regional Landscape/Features, Temperature Inversion
49
Why are CFC's bad for the ozone layer?
Chlorofluorocarbons react with UV light to release chlorine which then destroys ozone molecules.
50
Insolation
- Exposure to the sun's rays | - Intercepted solar radiation

GEOG 1180 (12 decks)

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