Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Development > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Conception

A

A human female releases one egg from her ovaries about every 28 days & males make approximately 300 million sperm a day

Fertilization of the egg usually occurs in the fallopian tube

At least 25% of egg-sperm meetings will create a zygote, but fail to implant and are naturally removed from the body.

Sperm can last 3-5 days inside the female body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Germinal Period

A

The Germinal Period is about 2 weeks – the zygote has rapid development while it travels to implant in the uterine wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Implantation

A

Once implanted into the uterine lining, the amnion forms, then the chorion, then the placenta, then finally the fetus is connected via umbilical cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Amniotic Sac

A

Fluid (amnion) filled sac which protects embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chorion

A

Protects amnion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Period of the Embryo

A

Implantation to 8 weeks

Wks 3-4: Neural tube develops. Heart, muscles, & digestive tract begin to develop

Wks 5-8: Brain begins to develop with sense of touch. Limbs, face, & internal organs begin to form. Embryo can move & is 1 inch long.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Period of the Fetus

A

Week 9 to Week 39/40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Third Month (Weeks 9-12)

A

Organs become more developed & the fetus has better control over the limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2nd Trimester (Weeks 13-24)

A

Vernix develops – white coating on the skin to protect from the amniotic fluid.

Lanugo develops – light coat of fur to help vernix adhere. Many organs are becoming developed, especially the brain

Fetus is sensitive to sound and light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3rd Trimester (Weeks 25-38/40)

A
  • Brain continues to develop
  • Fetus is viable, it can live outside of the mother’s body with support at 22-26 weeks. The fetus begins to develop a routine of sleep and wakefulness at 30-34 weeks.
  • Fetus loses the lanugo and develops a layer of fat. The mother also passes antibodies to the fetus.
  • Fetus positions downwards in participation for the birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental agents that can cause damage during the prenatal period

      - Organism is most sensitive during the embryonic period to teratogens
      - Shows the bidirectional influence between the child and environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Factors influencing damage of Teratogens

A
  • Dose (higher doses over time cause more damage)
  • Heredity (some individuals are genetically better/less able to withstand environmental problems)
  • Other influences: multiple teratogens, poor nutrition, no medical care, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prenatal Thalidomide Exposure

A

Morning sickness drug that was taken weeks 4-6 and led to serious deformities in limbs in offspring and issues with intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposure

A

Anti-miscarriage drug that led to increased cancer of the vagina & uterus in adolescent female offspring. Male offspring had more testicular cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prenatal Isotrentinoin Exposure

A

Skull, brain, eye, heart, & ear abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prenatal Aspirin Exposure

A

Brain damage / motor control issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prenatal Caffeine Exposure

A

Low birth weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prenatal Antidepressant Exposure

A

Premature delivery, low birth weight, & delayed motor development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prenatal Cocaine, heroin, & methadone exposure

A

Lead to premature birth, low birth weight, brain abnormalities, physical defects, and possibility of death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Prenatal Cocaine Exposure

A

Leads to brain hemorrhages, seizures, perceptual, motor, memory, & language problems that last

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prenatal Marijuana Exposure

A

Causes issues with memory, academic achievement delays, impulsivity, & aggression in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prenatal Tobacco Exposure

A

Leads to low birth weight, miscarriage, premature birth, cleft palate, asthma, and infant death

Direct dose response

Newborns less responsive to sounds & are more likely to be chronic criers

Nicotine constricts blood flow across the body and can lead to a smaller or abnormal placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

A

Range of physical, mental, & behavioral outcomes when there is prenatal exposure to alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Prenatal Radiation Exposure

Study These Flashcards
A

Increased rates of miscarriage, brain damage, physical deformity, & slow physical growth

Even small levels of radiation can harm the child & may show up later in life with lower intelligence and slower rates of language and increased emotional disorders

25
What percentage of mothers smoke during pregnancy?
11%
26
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Slow growth, facial abnormalities (short eyelids, thin upper lip, smooth or flattened philtrum), brain injury
27
Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
2 of 3 facial abnormalities & brain injury
28
Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder
3 areas of mental functioning delays but no problems with physical growth
29
What percentage of pregnant women drink at some point during their pregnancy?
25%
30
Environmental Pollution
Babies are born now with up to 287 industrial contaminants Air exposure to environmental toxins can also damage the child and lead to small head, low birth weight, & impaired lung and immune system
31
Prenatal Mercury Exposure
Mercury: especially dangerous chemical that causes widespread neural damage. Frequently exists in fish.
32
Prenatal Lead Exposure
Lead: metal found in old paint and buildings that can lead to low birth weight, poor motor development, & brain damage
33
Birth: Stage 1
Longest stage; labor is usually 12-14 hours or more Contractions help the cervix to widen (From 0 to 10cm) & becomes effaced (thinned)
34
Birth: Stage 2
About 50 minutes long - mother pushes the child out
35
Birth: Stage 3
Placenta is delivered after the baby in about 5-10 minutes
36
The Newborn
Contractions help the baby to produce cortisol, which narrows the blood vessels Baby's head is big relative to the rest of the body
37
Apgar Scale
Measured 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth A score of 7 or better indicates the baby is healthy, 4-6 the baby needs vital signs stabilized, & below 3 is serious danger
38
Categories of the Apgar Scale
Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respirations
39
Preterm Infants
Born more than 3 weeks early or less than 5.5 pounds --Birth weight is biggest predictor of infant survival and healthy development Small-for-date infants: are below their expected weight for the pregnancy
40
Care for Premature Babies
Baby is sleepy and unresponsive, parents may bond less because they hold the child less Parents who are caring and responsive have healthy preterm babies
41
Symptoms of being preterm
Brain abnormalities, frequent illness, school learning disabilities, & emotional and behavioral problems Smaller bodies, lower intelligence tests, & have poor achievement in school
42
Preterm babies are more likely to be...
...abused because they require more stimulation to get a response.
43
Isolated mothers in poverty with premature babies...
...have especially unfavorable child outcomes.
44
Babinski Reflex
Stimulation: Sole of foot stroked Response: Fans out toes & twists foot in Duration: Disappears at 9 months to 1 year
45
Blinking
Stimulation: Flash of light or puff of air Response: Closes eyes Duration: Permanent
46
Grasping
Stimulation: Palms touched Response: Grasps tightly Duration: Weakens at three months, disappears at a year
47
Moro Reflex
Stimulation: Sudden move, loud noise Response: Startles; throws out arms & legs & then pulls them towards body Duration: Disappears at 3 to 4 months
48
Rooting
Stimulation:Cheek stroked or side of mouth touched Response: Turns towards source, opens mouth & sucks Duration: Disappears at 3 to 4 months
49
Stepping
Stimulation: Infant help upright w/ feet touching ground Response: Moves feet as if to walk Duration: Disappears at 3 to 4 months
50
Sucking
Stimulation: Mouth touched by object Response: Sucks on object Duration: Disappears at 3 to 4 months
51
Swimming
Stimulation:Placed face down in water Response: Makes coordinated swimming movements Duration: Disappears at 6 to 7 months
52
Tonic Neck
Stimulation: Placed on back Response: Makes fists and turns head to the right Duration: Disappears at 2 months
53
Tonic Neck
Stimulation: Placed on back Response: Makes fists and turns head to the right Duration: Disappears at 2 months
54
Regular / NREM sleep
Infant is at full rest & shows little or no body activity; eyelids are closed, no eye movements occur, face is relaxed, breathing is slow & regular
55
Irregular / REM sleep
Gentle limb movements, occasional stirring, & facial grimacing occur. Although eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Breathing is irregular
56
Drowsiness
Infant is either falling asleep or waking up. Body less active than in REM sleep but more active than NREM sleep. Eyes open & close; when open, they have a glazed lock. Breathing is even but somewhat faster than in regular sleep.
57
Quiet alertness
Infant's body is relatively inactive, with eyes open & attentive. Breathing is even.
58
Waking activity & crying
Infant shows frequent bursts of uncoordinated body activity. Breathing is very irregular. Face may be relaxed or tense & wrinkled. Crying may occur.

Human Development (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions