Chapter 3

Question 1

an argument someone is trying to make

Answer 1

claim

Question 2

describes a particular rate or degree of a single variable

Answer 2

frequency claim

Question 3

argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable

Answer 3

association claim

Question 4

argues that one of the variables is responsible for changing the other

Answer 4

causal claim

Question 5

3 Claims

Answer 5

frequency, association, and causal

Question 6

example of frequency claim

Answer 6

2/5, 20%

Question 7

example of association claim

Answer 7

positive, negative and zero association

Question 8

difference between causal and association claim

Answer 8

causal uses language suggesting one variable causes the other; association claims may be related

Question 9

difference between causal and association claim

Answer 9

causal uses language suggesting one variable causes the other; association claims may be related

Question 10

4 Validities (pg 73)

Answer 10

internal, external, statistical, and construct

Question 11

an indication of how well a variable was measured or manipulated in a study

Answer 11

construct validity

Question 12

an indication of how well the results of a study generalize to, or represent, individuals or contexts besides those in the study itself

Answer 12

external validity

Question 13

one of three criteria for establishing a causal claim; a study’s ability to rule out alternative explanations for a casual relationship between two variables

Answer 13

internal validity

Question 14

the extent to which statistical conclusions derived from a study are accurate and reasonable

Answer 14

statistical validity