Chapter 3

Question 1

Covariance

Answer 1

Study’s results show that as A changes, B changes; high levels of A go with high levels of B, and low levels of A go with low levels of B.

Question 2

Temporal Precedence

Answer 2

Study’s method ensures that A comes first in time, before B.

Question 3

Internal Validity

Answer 3

Study’s method ensures that there are no plausible alternative explanations for the change in B; A is the only thing changed.

Question 4

Conceptual variable

Answer 4

Abstract concepts such as ‘spend time socializing’ & ‘school achievement’

Question 5

Operational variables (operationalizations)

Answer 5

To turn a concept of interest into measured or manipulated variable.

Question 6

Frequency Claims

Answer 6

Describe particular rate/degree of a single variable.

‘2 out of 5 ppl worry in US’

Question 7

Association Claims

Answer 7

One level of a variable is associated w a particular level of another variable.

Variables correlate or covary.

‘Ppl w higher incomes spend less time socializing’

Question 8

Causal Claims

Answer 8

One variable is responsible for changing the other.

‘Music lessons enhance IQ’