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Meteorology Exam 1 (CH 1, 2, and 3) > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work, occurs in radiation and heat

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2
Q

Circulation of atmosphere plays role in determining

A

Weather and its temporal and spatial variability (climate)

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3
Q

Law of energy conservation

A

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another

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4
Q

What drives circulation of atmosphere, powering winds and storms

A

Radiant energy from the sun

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5
Q

How does the earth respond to solar heating

A

The earths atmosphere emits infrared radiation which is then absorbed by certain atmospheric gases that then emit infrared radiation. downward, increasing temp of troposphere and surface that makes life possible (Greenhouse effect)

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6
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

Radiation that has both electrical and magnetic properties

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7
Q

All objects-

A

Absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation

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8
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

Various forms of electromagnetic radiation distinguished by wavelengths

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9
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum (list from short wavelength to long)

A

Ultraviolet radiation

infrared

microwave

Visible light

Radio waves

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10
Q

How does electromagnetic radiation travel?

A

As waves differentiated by wavelength or frequency

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11
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between successive wave crests (troughs)

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12
Q

Wave frequency

A

The number of crests or troughs passing a given point in specified period of time

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13
Q

One complete wave is

A

a cycle

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14
Q

Wave frequency is inversely proportional to

A

Wavelength

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15
Q

The higher the frequency,

A

The shorter the wavelength

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16
Q

Higher frequency radiation with shorter wavelengths has

A

Higher energy levels than lower frequency (longer wavelength) radiation

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17
Q

An example of Law of Energy Conservation

A

Solar energy can be converted to heat by the earth

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18
Q

Wavelength is commonly called

A

The speed of light

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19
Q

As wavelength increases

A

Wave frequency decreases

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20
Q

As wavelength decreases

A

Wave frequency increases

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21
Q

Electromagnetic waves may travel through

A

solids liquids and gases

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22
Q

Used for radio communications (weather radio)

A

Microwave radiation

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23
Q

radiation on electromagnetic spectrum that generates heat and important for greenhouse effect

A

Infrared

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24
Q

Portion of electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye

A

Visible radiation

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25
Q

Shorter wave lengths is

A

More energetic than longer wavelengths bc of higher frequency

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26
Q

When electromagnetic radiation passed from one medium to another it may be (2)

A

Reflected/refracted- upward to the atmosphere/bent downward

Absorbed- converted to heat

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27
Q

Blackbody

A

A material that absorbs all radiation received and emits all absorbed at constant temp

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28
Q

A blackbody must emit all radiation it receives in order to

A

Stay at thermal equilibrium

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29
Q

Example of material that is a blackbody for infrared radiation

A

Fresh snow (absorbs and emits all I fared radiation it receives)

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30
Q

What reflects most of visible light it receives

A

Fresh snow

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31
Q

Sun and earth are not perfect black bodies, but black body laws can be applied to them because

A

Their absorption and emissions of radiation are close enough to a blackbody

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32
Q

Wien’s displacement law

A

All known objects emit and absorb forms of electromagnetic radiation

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33
Q

In Wien’s displacement law, the wavelength of the most intense radiation emitted by a blackbody is

A

Inversely proportional to the absolute temperature

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34
Q

In Wien’s displacement law, the hotter the object,

A

The shorter the wavelength of maximum emission

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35
Q

In Wien’s displacement law, as the temperature decreases

A

The peak wavelength increases

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36
Q

In Wien’s displacement law, temperature and wavelength are

A

Inversely proportional,

As temp decreases, wavelength increases

As temp increases, wavelength decreases

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37
Q

In Wien’s displacement law, as temperatures decrease, intensity

A

Also decreases

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38
Q

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

A

Total energy flux emitted by a blackboard across all wavelengths is proportional to the 4th power of its absolute temperature

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39
Q

In Stefan-Boltzmann law, as temp increases

A

So does the total amount of energy per unit area emitted by an object

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40
Q

In Stefan-boltzmann law, hotter objects

A

Emit more total energy than colder

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41
Q

In Stefan Boltzmann law, a small change in temperature of the blackbody results in

A

A much larger change in total amount of radiation emitted

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42
Q

Inverse square law

A

Doubling the distance traveled by radiation reduces its intensity by 1/4 of its initial value

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43
Q

In the Inverse Law, When intensity of radiation moves away from source it,

A

Diminishes rapidly, decreases

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44
Q

The sun is mainly made of

A

Hydrogen (80% by mass) and helium

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45
Q

The sun source of energy is

A

Nuclear fusion

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46
Q

An example of the law of energy conservation

A

Global radioactive equilibrium

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47
Q

Global radiative equilibrium

A

The total energy (solar radiation), absorbed by earth is essentially equal to the total energy emitted by the earth to space (in form of infrared (heat) radiation)

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48
Q

Characteristics of earth and its movements

A

It is spherical

Rotates on an axis (day and night)

Orbits the sun (years

Tilted on an axis

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49
Q

What does the shape and movement of the earth mean for solar energy

A

Amount of solar energy reaching earth varies by hour location and season

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50
Q

Earth’s rotation gives us

A

Day and night

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51
Q

What is solar altitude

A

The angle of the sun above the horizon varying by time of day

52
Q

Solar radiation directly overhead concentrates

A

Solar energy in a small area

53
Q

Solar radiation at an angle

A

Spreads solar energy over larger areas

54
Q

The earth is sphere so solar altitude

A

Varies by location

55
Q

Low latitudes are where and receive

A

Are near the equator and receive solar energy at a more direct angle

56
Q

As you move away from earths equator , intensity of solar energy striking earth

A

Decreases as you move away

57
Q

As the angle where light beams strike move from the equator

A

The concentration of energy hitting the earth decreases, providing less heat

58
Q

What is the angle of incidence

A

Angle at which solar energy hits earth

59
Q

A low angle of incidence means

A

Energy has to travel through more of earths atmosphere

60
Q

What does the low angle of incidence allow

A

For more scattering , reflection and absorption before the energy hits the surface of the earth

61
Q

Energy by earth is absorbed less at the ——and more at the—-

A

Poles, equator

62
Q

Earths tilt cause the location of most intense solar energy striking earth to vary over

A

The year

63
Q

What does the earths tilt bring us?

A

Seasons

64
Q

Drastic seasonal and day length difference depend on

A

How far you are from the equator

65
Q

The further you are from the equator

A

The more drastic seasonal variations will be

66
Q

When the North Pole tilts to the sun

A

The northern hemisphere receives more solar radiation

Brings summer and spring to n. Hemisphere

67
Q

When North Pole is tilted away from the sun

A

Northern hemisphere will receive less solar radiation

Results in fall and winter in northern hemisphere

68
Q

Winter solstice and date

A

N. Hemisphere is tilted away from sun

December 21

69
Q

Summer solstice and date

A

N. Hemisphere is tilted toward sun

June 21

70
Q

Tropic of Cancer

A

23.5 N latitude , beginning of N. Hemisphere summer (June 21 solstice)

71
Q

Tropic of Capricorn

A

23.5 S latitude of N. Hemisphere, beginning of n. Hemisphere winter (December 21 solstices)

72
Q

September equinox

A

Sun overhead the equator at 0 degrees latitude, begins N. Hemisphere fall

73
Q

March 21 equinox

A

Sun overhead equator at 0 degrees latitude,

Begins N. Hemisphere spring

74
Q

Why do seasons change

A

Because earth’ equationalplane is inclined to its orbital plane

75
Q

When it is winter in the N. Hemisphere it is——in the Southern Hemisphere

A

Summer

76
Q

When the Southern Hemisphere is in Summer, the Southern Hemisphere is

A

Tilted toward from the sun

77
Q

Days in winter solstice in N. Hemisphere are

A

Shorter than nights everywhere north of equator

78
Q

Days in summer solstice in N. Hemisphere are

A

Longer than nights everywhere N. Of equator

79
Q

The closer you are to the equator, there is

A

Less amount of daylight and solar energy varies throughout year

80
Q

Locations near the equator have

A

Minimal difference in season

81
Q

Solar Constant

A

Rate at which solar radiation falls on a unit area of a flat surface located at outer edge of atmosphere

82
Q

The solar energy input into the earth atmosphere system is based on

A

Solar constant

83
Q

Maximum solar energy input when earth is closest to the sun

A

Perihelion

84
Q

Minimum solar energy input when earth is farthest from the sun

A

Aphelion

85
Q

5 ways solar radiation enters our atmosphere

A

Absorbed, scattered or reflected (by gases and aerosols in our atmosphere or by surface of earth

86
Q

Absorption

A

Solar radiation is absorbed in atmosphere and some by earth, converts radiation to heat

87
Q

What happens to solar radiation that does not make it into troposphere ,What radiation is this most likely to be

A

Absorbed by Ozone layer in the stratosphere (radiation is UV radiation)

88
Q

“Good up higher, bad near by”

A

Ozone

89
Q

Ozone is good in the stratosphere but a ——in the troposphere

A

A pollutant

90
Q

What is thinning the ozone layer

A

CFCs

91
Q

CFC

A

Chemicals that are used in refrigerants and aerosols, break apart ozone molecules

92
Q

Montreal protocol

A

Used to regulate CFCs, has been effective in slowing the ozone hole

93
Q

Types of chemicals that threaten the ozone

A

Nitrous oxide, methane, and water vapor

94
Q

In terms of the chemicals that harm the ozone, what does uv radiation do to further threaten the ozone?

A

Breaks down those chemicals to form radicals like nitrogen dioxide and chlorine monoxide that destroys ozone further

95
Q

Scatteri ng

A

Particles and gases spread solar radiation

96
Q

What scatters visible radiation equally at all wavelengths so clouds appear white

A

Water and ice droplets

97
Q

Scattering of blue-violet light is by —-that make

A

Gasses, the sky blue in color

98
Q

Scatter the sun light, giving sky a milky appearance

A

Aerosols

99
Q

Special case of scattering

A

Reflection

100
Q

Reflection

A

Interface striking that area is redirected

101
Q

When you think of albedo you think of

A

Reflection

102
Q

Albedo is

A

The fraction of radiation by airborne particles or reflected by a surface

103
Q

Surface with high albedo will

A

Reflect more light

104
Q

Albedo is (equation)

A

Reflected radiation/incident radiation

105
Q

Surface areas with high albedo will have a greater —-than—-

A

Reflection of radiation, incident radiation

106
Q

Materials with high albedo are more——than low because

A

Cooler, they reflect more radiation than they absorb

107
Q

What albedo do clouds have

A

High

108
Q

Global average of oceanic albedo is (in percentage)

A

8%

109
Q

How much the earths atmosphere scatters/reflects back to space is its

A

Planetary albedo

110
Q

Earths planetary albedo reflects/scatters about —% of solar reception back to space

A

30%

111
Q

Examples of changes by Earths planetary albedo

A

Plants die/ lose leaves

Lakes/rivers freezing over and melting

Snow falling and melting

112
Q

-% of solar radiation is reflected by earth atmosphere system

A

30

113
Q

-% of solar radiation is absorbed by atmosphere

A

23

114
Q

-% of solar radiation is absorbed by earths surface

A

47

115
Q

What is the earths main source of heat for the atmosphere

A

The earths surface

116
Q

Most of radiation emitted by earth is

A

IR radiation

117
Q

What happens in troposphere when earth emits Ir radiation as heat. What causes this

A

Some of the eBay is trapped because of the greenhouse effect

118
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

The heating of the earths surface and troposphere by strong absorption and emission of iR by greenhouse gases

119
Q

What would happen to earth without the greenhouse effect

A

It would be too cold to inhabit

120
Q

The moon as an example without greenhouse effect

A

The moon absorbs radiation and emits it but because it doesn’t have an atmosphere to trap radiation emitted, it’s surface stays cold

121
Q

Primary greenhouse gases (list by most concentrated)

A

Water vapor

Carbon dioxide

Ozone

Methane

(The grace gases)

122
Q

Atmospheric Windows

A

Allows radiation to pass into space with little to no absorption by the atmosphere

123
Q

A pyanometer

A

Measures intensity of solar radiation that strikes a horizontal surface (at earths surface)

124
Q

These measure incoming radiation above the atmosphere and determines solar constant

A

Satellite

125
Q

Infrared radio eter

A

Measures intensity of infrared radiation emitted by surface of some objects (land, cloud, ocean)

Meteorology Exam 1 (CH 1, 2, and 3) (3 decks)

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