Chapter 3: Anatomy and Kinesiology Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Anterior
A
The front of the body; ventral
2
Q
Posterior
A
The back of the body; dorsal
3
Q
Superficial
A
Located close to or on the body surface
4
Q
Deep
A
Below the surface
5
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to any reference point
6
Q
Distal
A
Farther from any reference point
7
Q
Superior
A
Toward the head; higher (cephalic)
8
Q
Inferior
A
Away from the head; lower (caudal)
9
Q
Medial
A
Toward the midline of the body
10
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the midline of the body; to the side
11
Q
Ipsilateral
A
On the same side
12
Q
Contralateral
A
On the opposite side
13
Q
Unilateral
A
One side
14
Q
Bilateral
A
Both sides
15
Q
Prone
A
Lying face down
16
Q
Supine
A
Lying face up
17
Q
Valgus
A
Distal segment of a joint deviates laterally
18
Q
Varus
A
Distal segment of a joint deviates medially
19
Q
Arm
A
The region from the shoulder to elbow
20
Q
Forearm
A
The region from the elbow to the wrist
21
Q
Thigh
A
The region from the hip to the knee
22
Q
Leg
A
The region from the knee to the ankle
23
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
Divides the body into right and left sides.
24
Q
Frontal Plane
A
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
25
Coronal Plane
The same as frontal plane. Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
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Transverse Plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.
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Horizontal Plane
Another name for the transverse plane. Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.
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Cross-sectional Plane
Another name for the transverse plane. Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.
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Axial Plane
Another name for the transverse plane. Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.
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Kinesiology
The study of the mechanics of human movement.
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The three fields of science that kinesiology is based on
Biomechanics, Musculoskeletal Anatomy, and Neuromuscular Physiology.
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Center of Gravity
The theoretical point to which the weight force of an object acts.
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Kinematics
Variation in height and horizontal distance
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Ventral
The front of the body
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Dorsal
The back of the body
36
Flexion
Movement resulting in a decrease of the joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in the sagittal plane
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Extension
Movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane
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Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane
39
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane
40
Horizontal abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees
41
Horizontal adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees
42
Internal rotation
Rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body
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Medial rotation
Rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body
44
External rotation
Rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body
45
Lateral rotation
Rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body
46
Lateral flexion
Movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement
47
Rotation
Right or left rotation in the transverse plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement
48
Elevation
Movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane
49
Depression
Movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane
50
Retraction
Movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane
51
Protraction
Movement of the scapula away from the spine in the frontal plane
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Upward rotation
Superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane
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Downward rotation
Inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane
54
Circumduction
A compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape
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Radial deviation
Abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
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Ulnar deviation
Adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
57
Opposition
Diagonal movement of thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fifth digit
58
Eversion
Abducting the ankle
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Inversion
Adducting the ankle
60
Dorsiflexion
Flexing the ankle so that the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane
61
Plantarflexion
Extending the ankle so that the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane
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Pronation (foot/ankle)
Combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot
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Supination (foot/ankle)
Combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot
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Diaphysis
The main portion of a long bone
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Epiphysis
The end portion of the bone
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What covers the epiphysis?
Cartilage
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Metaphysis
The region of mature bone where we see the diaphysis join each epiphysis
68
Epiphyseal plate
The "growth plate" of the bone
69
Medullary cavity
The space inside the diaphysis
70
Endosteum
The lining of the medullary cavity
71
Periosteum
The membrane covering the surface of the bones
72
Cortical bones
The compact type of bone
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Trabecular bones
The spongy type of bone
74
Joints
The articulations between the bones
75
Ligaments
Tough fibrous connective tissues that anchor bone to bone
76
Synarthrodial joints
These do not move. i.e. the sutures of the skull.
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Amphiarthrodial joints
These do move slightly and are held together by the ligaments or fibrocartilage.
78
Suture
Tight union unique to the skull
79
Syndesmosis
lnterosseous membrane between bones
80
Gomphosis
Unique joint at the tooth socket
81
Primary Cartilaginous joints
Usually temporary to permit bone growth and typically fuse
82
Secondary Cartilaginous joints
Strong, slightly movable joints
83
Synovial Plane joints
Gliding and sliding movements
84
Synovial Hinge joints
Uniaxial movements
85
Synovial Ellipsoidal joints
Biaxial joint
86
Synovial Saddle Joints
Unique joint that permits movements in all planes, including opposition
87
Synovial Ball-and-socket joints
Multiaxial joints that permit movements in all directions
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Synovial Pivot joints
Uniaxial joints that permit rotation
89
Synovial Bicondylar joints
Allow movement primarily around one axis with some limited rotation in a second axis
90
Joint stability
The resistance to displacement
91
How many skeletal muscles are in the body?
more than 600
92
Agonist muscle
The main muscle or group of muscles responsible for a movement.
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Antagonist muscle
The opposing in muscle in a movement.
94
Synergist muscles
These muscles prevent unwanted movements and help the prime mover muscles work more efficiently.
95
Co-contraction
The simultaneous contraction of the agonist and antagonist.
96
Impingement syndrome
The most common non traumatic cause of shoulder pain caused from entrapment of the rotator cuff tendons.
97
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
A shoulder condition related to faulty biomechanics, poor posture, and shoulder muscle imbalance.
98
Synovial membrane
Where the synovial fluid is produced.
99
Open Chain movements
Movements occurring when the distal segment of a joint moves in space.
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Closed chain movements
Movements occurring when the distal segment of the joint is fixed in space.
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Range of motion
The degree of movement within a joint.
102
Active range of motion
The range that can be reached by voluntary movement from contraction of skeletal muscle.
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Passive range of motion
The ROM that can be achieved by external means
104
Hypermobile
Joints with excessive range of motion.
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Hypomobile
Joints with restricted range of motion
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Parallel skeletal muscle
The Muscle fibers run in line with the pull of the muscle.
107
Fusiform muscles
Fusiform muscles have a parallel arrangement and are spindle shaped, tapering at each end.
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Longitudinal muscles
Strap-like and with parallel fibers.
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Quadrate muscles
These are four sided and usually flat, consisting of parallel fibers.
110
Fan shaped muscles
These contain fibers that radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other.
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Pennate muscles
These fibers run obliquely or at an angle to the line of pull.
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Unipennate muscles
Fibers are only on one side of the tendon in a pennate muscle.
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Bipennate muscles
Fibers are on both sides of a central tendon in a pennate muscle.
114
Multipennate muscles
There are two or more fasiculi attaching obliquely and combined to one muscle in a pennate muscle.
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Uniarticular muscles
A muscle that causes movement only at one joint.
116
Biarticular muscles
These muscles cross more than one joint and cause actions at both.
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Muscles of the rotator cuff
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
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Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
This is a widespread cumulative trauma disorder that is caused by median nerve entrapment at the anterior wrist.
119
Bursa
Fat pads
