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ENS195 > Chapter 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Important characteristics of water

A
  • High heat capacity
  • Universal solvent
  • High surface tension
  • Solid form is less dense than liquid
  • Transmits sunlight
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2
Q

Water Supply Location

A
  • Oceans
  • Atmosphere
  • Rivers and Streams
  • Groundwater
  • Lakes (freshwater)
  • Ice caps and glaciers
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3
Q

World’s 10 Largest Watersheds (In-order)

A
  • Amazon
  • Congo
  • Nile
  • Mississippi
  • Ob
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3
Q

World’s 10 Largest Watersheds (In-order)

A
  • Amazon
  • Congo
  • Nile
  • Mississippi
  • Ob
  • Parana
  • Yenisey
  • Lena
  • Niger
  • Yangtze
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4
Q

Precipitation that remains on the surface of the land and does not seep down through the soil

A

Surface Water

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5
Q

Movement of fresh water from precipitation (including
snowmelt) to rivers, lakes, wetlands, and, ultimately, the ocean

A

Runoff

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6
Q

Supply of fresh water under the Earth’s surface that is stored in underground aquifers

A

Groundwater

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7
Q

Underground caverns and porous layers of sand,
gravel, or rock in which groundwater is stored

A

Aquifers

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8
Q

The upper surface of the saturated zone of
groundwater

A

Water table

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9
Q

Is often an international resource

A

Surface water

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10
Q

What year did King Urlama of Lagash use water as a military tool against Umma?

A

2500 B.C.E

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11
Q

What year did Saladin defeat the European Crusaders using water as a military tool?

A

1187 C.E

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12
Q

What year did the Dutch breach their protective dikes to prevent Spanish armies from invading by land?

A

1672

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13
Q

What year did a development dispute or terrorism happen where locals attack a dam for their objection to providing water for factories in New Hampshire?

A

1850s

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14
Q

When did the aqueduct from Owens Valley to Los Angeles bomb multiple times?

A

1907-1913

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15
Q

When did Israel attack the East Ghor Canal in Jordan to prevent the diversion of water from the Yarmouk river?

A

1969

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16
Q

When did Iraq destroy the desalinization facilities in Kuwait during the First Gulf War?

A

1991

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17
Q

When did a dispute over water resources in Kashmir turn violent killing 2 and injuring 25?

A

2002

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18
Q

When did the wells in Sudan and Darfur were destroyed and poisoned as part of civil-war violence?

A

2003-2007

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19
Q

When did the Nigerian water vendors beaten by angry protesters objecting to the price of water?

A

2008

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20
Q

A measure of the suitability of water for a particular use based on selected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics (USGS)

A

Water Quality

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21
Q

What are the physical qualities of water?

A
  • Color
  • Odor
  • Solids (Suspended Solids and Dissolved Solids)
  • Temperature
  • Absorbance and transmittance
  • Turbidity
  • Taste
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22
Q

Give examples of Inorganic Chemical characteristics of water

A
  • Ammonia
  • Nitrite
  • Nitrate
  • Organic Nitrogen
  • Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
  • Total Phosphorus
  • Inorganic phosphorus
  • Organic phosphorus
  • Metals
  • Alkalinity
  • pH
  • Dissolved oxygen
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23
Q

Give organic chemical characteristics of water

A
  • BOD
  • COD
  • TOC
  • Specific organic compounds
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24
Q

Give biological characteristics of water

A
  • Bacteria
  • Helminths
  • Protozoa
  • Viruses
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25
Q

What is the size of suspended, colloidal, and dissolved solids?

A

Size: suspended (>1mm), colloidal (0.001-1mm), dissolved
(<0.001mm)

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26
Q

At what temperature should a sample be ignited to form total solids?

A

103 degC

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27
Q

At what temperature should a sample be ignited to form organic and inorganic solids?

A

550 degC

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28
Q

What process should a process undergo in order to produce dissolved and suspended solids?

A

Filtration

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29
Q

What does an Imhoff cone produce?

A
  • Settable and non-settable solids
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30
Q

Give impacts of suspended solids

A
  • Impact
  • Aesthetically displeasing
  • Provides adsorption sites
  • May be biodegraded to objectionable by-products
  • Biologically active solids may cause disease
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31
Q

Give some uses for suspended solids

A

SS: a measure of wastewater strength/performance
VSS: a measure of organic content/active microbial
population

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32
Q

What are the sources of turbidity?

A

Source: eroded colloidal material, biosolids, soaps/detergents, emulsifiers

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33
Q

Measurements of turbidity and give short description each

A

Secchi disk: maximum depth of visibility
Photometry: absorption and scattering of light

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34
Q

Color of water with suspended solids

A

apparent color

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35
Q

color of water after removal of suspended solids

A

true color

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36
Q

Measurement of color

A

Measurement: true color units (TCU), Hazen or Pt-Co units (PCU)

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37
Q

measurement of taste and odor

A

Measurement: threshold odor number (TON)

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38
Q

threshold odor number equation

A

TON = (A+B)/A

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39
Q

The temperature should be measured in what?

A

in situ

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40
Q

Sources of dissolved solids

A
  • Solvent action on solids, liquids, gases
  • Contact with the atmosphere, surfaces, and the soil
  • Decay products
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41
Q

measurements of dissolved solids

A
  • Gravimetric
  • Conductance (indicative of ions)
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42
Q

What compounds included in alkalinity?

A
  • Carbonates
  • Silicates
  • Borates
  • Phosphates
  • Sulphides
  • Ammonia
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43
Q

What compounds are included in alkalinity?

A
  • Carbonates
  • Silicates
  • Borates
  • Phosphates
  • Sulphides
  • Ammonia
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44
Q

sources of alkalinity

A

Sources: dissolution of minerals, detergents, fertilizers

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45
Q

impact of alkalinity

A

Impact: taste (in high values), precipitation, buffering capacity

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46
Q

It is the concentration of multivalent ions in solution

A

hardness

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47
Q

Hardness which is equivalent to alkalinity

A

Carbonate hardness

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48
Q

sources of hardness

A

Sources: cations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, Al (practically represented as Ca+Mg

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49
Q

Affected by temperature, salinity, pressure, and oxygen demand

A

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

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50
Q

Chemical water quality parameters

A
  • Alkalinity
  • Hardness
  • Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
  • Metals
  • Synthetic Organic Chemicals
  • Radionuclides
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51
Q

sources of metals

A

Sources: weathering/deposition, volcanic eruption, human activity

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52
Q

dissolved forms of metals are generally responsible for what?

A

toxicity

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53
Q

solubility of metals is affected by

A

Solubility affected by pH, temperature and salinity

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54
Q

examples of synthetic organic chemicals

A

– Pesticides
– Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

55
Q

sources of synthetic organic chemicals

A

Source: solvents, materials in chemical processing

56
Q

examples of radionuclides

A

E.g. radium, uranium, radon

57
Q

Biological water quality parameters

A
  • pathogens
  • indicator organisms
58
Q

Measures related to human health

A

pathogens

59
Q

Measures related to the health of the ecosystem

A

indicator organisms

60
Q

What are some indicators of fecal contamination?

A
  • Total coliforms (TC’s) / Fecal coliforms (FC’s)
  • E. coli
  • Fecal streptococci, enterococci
61
Q

What are some indicators of biointegrity?

A
  • Polychaetes (worms)
  • Bivalves
  • Phyto/zooplankton
  • Fish
62
Q

What are the sources of pollution?

A
  • Point sources
  • Non-point sources
63
Q

Give examples of point sources

A
  • Domestic
  • Combined Sewer
  • Stormwater
  • Industrial discharges
  • Spills
64
Q

give examples of non-point sources

A
  • Agricultural runoff
  • Livestock
  • Urban runoff
  • Landfills
  • Recreational activities
65
Q

Give the meaning of the acronyms:
- DENR
- EMB
- NWRB
- LLDA
– BFAR
– DOH
– DOST
– PCG
– LWUA
– MWSS
– MWCI
– MWSI

A

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YXTvegSU8ZRgPBzZRFH8_INSLL8lhKq2/view?usp=sharing

66
Q

RA 4850 (1966)

A

LLDA Act

67
Q

LLDA Act

A

RA 4850 (1966)

68
Q

RA 6234 (1971)

A

Creation of MWSS

69
Q

Creation of MWSS

A

RA 6234 (1971)

70
Q

PD 856 (1975)

A

Sanitation Code

71
Q

Sanitation Code

A

PD 856 (1975)

72
Q

PD 1067 (1976)

A

Water Code

73
Q

Water Code

A

PD 1067 (1976)

74
Q

PD 1152 (1978)

A

Philippine Environmental Code

75
Q

Philippine Environmental Code

A

PD 1152 (1978)

76
Q

RA 9275 (2004)

A

Philippine Clean Water Act

77
Q

Philippine Clean Water Act

A

RA 9275 (2004)

78
Q
  • To protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from
    land based sources
  • To provide comprehensive and integrated strategy to
    prevent and minimize pollution through multi sectoral and
    participatory approach involving all stakeholders
A

RA 9275 (2004): Philippine Clean Water Act

79
Q

Revised Water Usage and Classification / Water Quality Criteria

A

DAO 1990-34

80
Q

This class is intended primarily for waters having watersheds that are uninhabited and otherwise protected and which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines.

A

Class AA
Public Water Supply Class 1

81
Q

For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.

A

Class A
Public Water Supply Class 2

82
Q

For primarily contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. (particularly those designated for tourism purposes.)

A

Class B
Recreational Water Class 1

83
Q

a. Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources.
b. Recreational water class 2 (boating, etc)
c. Industrial Water supply class 1 (from manufacturing processes after treatment)

A

Class C

84
Q
  1. For agriculture, irrigation, live stocks watering, etc.)
  2. Industrial Water supply class 2 (e.g. cooling, etc.)Other
  3. inland waters by their quality belong to this classification.
A

Class D

85
Q
  1. Waters suitable for the propagation survival and harvesting of selfish, commercial purposes.
  2. Tourist Zones and national marine parks and reserves established under Presidential Proclamation No. 1801; existing laws and/or declared as such by an appropriate government agency.
  3. Coral reef parks and reserves designated by law and concerned authorities.
  4. Waters suitable for the propagation survival and harvesting of selfish, commercial purposes.
A

Class SA

86
Q

Tourist Zones and national marine parks and reserves is established under what Presidential Proclamation?

A

Presidential Proclamation No. 1801

87
Q
  1. Recreational Water Class 1 (areas regularly used by the public for bathing swimming, skin diving, etc.)
  2. Fishery Water class 3 (spawning areas for Chanos chanos or “Bangus” and similar species.
A

Class SB

88
Q
  1. Recreational Water class 3 (e.g. boating, etc.)
  2. Fishery Water class 2 (commercial and sustenance fishing).
  3. Marchy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries.
A

Class CS

89
Q
  1. Industrial Water supply class 2 (e.g. cooling, etc.)
  2. Other coastal and marine waters, by their quality, belong to this classification.
A

Class SD

90
Q

Revised Effluent Regulations

A

DAO 1990-35

91
Q

Wastewater sources

A
  • Domestic (sanitary)
  • Infiltration and inflow
  • Stormwater
  • Industrial
92
Q

from residences, commercial and institutional
facilities

A

Domestic (sanctuary)

93
Q

from groundwater infiltration and
stormwater that enters from drains and manholes

A

Infiltration and inflow

94
Q

runoff from rainfall

A

Stormwater

95
Q

from manufacturing and chemical processing

A

Industrial

96
Q

Estimations of industrial development

A

Light industrial development: 7.5 14 m 3 /ha d
Medium industrial development: 14 28 m 3 /ha d

97
Q

Variations in WW Flowrates

A

– Short term (diurnal): peaks in the late morning and early evening
– Seasonal: e.g. resort areas, campuses
– Industrial: operation vs. shutdown (cleanup)

98
Q

Sustained packing factor formula

A

PF = peak flowrate / average longterm flowrate

99
Q

Base for development of flow rate ratios and for estimating pumping, sludge quantities, and chemical costs; identification of sewers where flows will not achieve minimum velocities

A

Average Daily

100
Q

Estimating turndown ratio’ for pumping facilities and low range for plant flow metering

A

Minimum Hour

101
Q

Sizing of plant components (influent channels, biological treatment systems including recycling requirements for trickling filters)

A

Minimum Day

102
Q

Selection of minimum operating units required during low flow periods (especially at start-up of new facility); scheduling shutdown for maintenance

A

Minimum Month

103
Q

Sizing of sanitary sewers; sizing pumping facilities and channels; sizing of physical unit operations including bar racks and screens, grit chambers, sedimentation tanks, filters, and chlorine contact tanks

A

Peak Hour

104
Q

Sizing equalization basins and sludge pumping systems

A

Maximum Day

105
Q

Sizing chemical storage facilities

A

Maximum month

106
Q

Who invented the Parshall Flume?

A

Ralph Parshall

107
Q
  • Measures gravity flow rate only
  • Allows solids to pass without interfering with the measurement
A

Parshall Flume

108
Q

STAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT

A
  • Headworks
  • Preliminary Treatment
    – Primary Treatment
  • Secondary Treatment
  • Tertiary Treatment
  • Sludge Treatment (Residuals Management)
109
Q

(STAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT)
Collection, pumping, and flow measurement

A

Headworks

110
Q

(STAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT)
– Removal of untreatable solid materials
– Protection of subsequent treatment units
– Improvement of the performance of subsequent treatment units

A

Preliminary Treatment

111
Q

(STAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT)
– Removal of a significant fraction of organic particulate matter (as suspended solids) [typically 60% of SS and 35% of BOD]
– Removal of scum and inert particulate matter that was not
removed in preliminary treatment

A

Primary Treatment

112
Q

(STAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT)
– Degradation of the readily biodegradable BOD that escapes primary treatment and to provide further removal of suspended solids
– Often includes treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus

A

Secondary Treatment

113
Q

“Advanced” treatment due to
- Increasing loads of organic matter and suspended solids to rivers, streams, and lakes.
- The need to increase the removal of suspended solids to
provide more efficient disinfection.
- The need to remove nutrients to limit eutrophication of
sensitive water bodies.
- The need to remove constituents that preclude or inhibit
water reclamation.

A

Tertiary Treatment

114
Q

(STAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT)
– Collection of sludge from various processes
– Recovery of water (thickening and dewatering)
– Stabilization, conditioning, and potential use as nutrient or
energy source

A

Sludge Treatment (Residuals Management)

115
Q

Removal of materials that could damage equipment, reduce treatment effectiveness, or contaminate waterways

A

Screening (coarse)

116
Q

Removal of materials that could damage equipment, or inhibit beneficial use of biosolids

A

Screening (fine)

117
Q

Design Consideration for Screens

A

– Degree of screenings removal
– H&S of operators (pathogens, vectors)
– Odor potential
– Requirements for handling/transport
– Disposal options

118
Q

To prevent logs, stumps, and large heavy debris from
entering treatment processes. Principally used in combined
sewers ahead of pumping units. In WWTPs, frequently
followed by coarse screens.

A

Trash racks

119
Q

To remove large solids, rags, and debris. Typically used
in WWTP.

A

Bar racks or coarse screens

120
Q

To remove small solids. Typically follows a coarse screen.

A

Fine screens

121
Q

To reduce suspended solids to near primary treatment
level. Typically follow a coarse screen and/or fine screen.
May be used when downstream processes do not include
primary treatment.

A

Very fine screens

122
Q

Used in conjunction with very fine screens for effluent
polishing.

A

Microscreens

123
Q

– Protect moving mechanical equipment from abrasion and
abnormal wear
– Reduce formation of heavy deposits
– Reduce frequency of digester cleaning cause by grit
accumulation
– Usually placed between screens and primary sedimentation

A

Grit Removal

124
Q

what is the detention time of an aerated grit chamber to achieve 95% removal

A

2 5min at peak hourly flow

125
Q

aerated grit chamber air supply

A

Air supply: 0.0019 0.0125 m3/s m of tank length

126
Q

what is the detention time of a vortex grit chamber?

A

20 30s at peak hourly flow

127
Q

Damping of flowrate (and/or loading) variations to achieve
constant or near-constant conditions

A

Flow Equalization

128
Q

Removal of floating and suspended solids, using physical

A

PRIMARY TREATMENT

129
Q

the objective of primary treatment

A
  • Remove suspended solids
  • Organic solids also contain BOD
  • Typically, remove 60% of incoming solids, 35% of BOD
130
Q

equipment for primary treatment

A

Done in tanks called clarifiers

131
Q

Typical Tank Shapes

A
  • Rectangular tanks
  • Square tanks
  • Circular tanks
132
Q

usually have chain drive scrapers to bring sludge to withdrawal trough in tank bottom. Typically, 3 m deep for water treatment .

A

Rectangular tanks

133
Q

a tank shape that has better hydraulic characteristics thus less short circuiting

A

Rectangular tanks

134
Q
  • less expensive since side walls can be shared
  • circular sludge collectors are relatively trouble free, but
    corner sweeps are problematic
  • more weir length in corners leads to non uniform radial
    flow thus sludge collects in corners
A

Square tanks

135
Q
  • inflow at center, outflow along perimeter weir
    or radial collection troughs; circular rake arm to rake sludge to center or with suction pipes
  • depths usually 3 or more
  • lower capital cost than a rectangular tank
  • circular sludge sweep is relatively trouble free
A

Circular tanks

ENS195 (4 decks)

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