Chapter 3 and 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Important characteristics of water
A
- High heat capacity
- Universal solvent
- High surface tension
- Solid form is less dense than liquid
- Transmits sunlight
2
Q
Water Supply Location
A
- Oceans
- Atmosphere
- Rivers and Streams
- Groundwater
- Lakes (freshwater)
- Ice caps and glaciers
3
Q
World’s 10 Largest Watersheds (In-order)
A
- Amazon
- Congo
- Nile
- Mississippi
- Ob
3
Q
World’s 10 Largest Watersheds (In-order)
A
- Amazon
- Congo
- Nile
- Mississippi
- Ob
- Parana
- Yenisey
- Lena
- Niger
- Yangtze
4
Q
Precipitation that remains on the surface of the land and does not seep down through the soil
A
Surface Water
5
Q
Movement of fresh water from precipitation (including
snowmelt) to rivers, lakes, wetlands, and, ultimately, the ocean
A
Runoff
6
Q
Supply of fresh water under the Earth’s surface that is stored in underground aquifers
A
Groundwater
7
Q
Underground caverns and porous layers of sand,
gravel, or rock in which groundwater is stored
A
Aquifers
8
Q
The upper surface of the saturated zone of
groundwater
A
Water table
9
Q
Is often an international resource
A
Surface water
10
Q
What year did King Urlama of Lagash use water as a military tool against Umma?
A
2500 B.C.E
11
Q
What year did Saladin defeat the European Crusaders using water as a military tool?
A
1187 C.E
12
Q
What year did the Dutch breach their protective dikes to prevent Spanish armies from invading by land?
A
1672
13
Q
What year did a development dispute or terrorism happen where locals attack a dam for their objection to providing water for factories in New Hampshire?
A
1850s
14
Q
When did the aqueduct from Owens Valley to Los Angeles bomb multiple times?
A
1907-1913
15
Q
When did Israel attack the East Ghor Canal in Jordan to prevent the diversion of water from the Yarmouk river?
A
1969
16
Q
When did Iraq destroy the desalinization facilities in Kuwait during the First Gulf War?
A
1991
17
Q
When did a dispute over water resources in Kashmir turn violent killing 2 and injuring 25?
A
2002
18
Q
When did the wells in Sudan and Darfur were destroyed and poisoned as part of civil-war violence?
A
2003-2007
19
Q
When did the Nigerian water vendors beaten by angry protesters objecting to the price of water?
A
2008
20
Q
A measure of the suitability of water for a particular use based on selected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics (USGS)
A
Water Quality
21
Q
What are the physical qualities of water?
A
- Color
- Odor
- Solids (Suspended Solids and Dissolved Solids)
- Temperature
- Absorbance and transmittance
- Turbidity
- Taste
22
Q
Give examples of Inorganic Chemical characteristics of water
A
- Ammonia
- Nitrite
- Nitrate
- Organic Nitrogen
- Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
- Total Phosphorus
- Inorganic phosphorus
- Organic phosphorus
- Metals
- Alkalinity
- pH
- Dissolved oxygen
23
Q
Give organic chemical characteristics of water
A
- BOD
- COD
- TOC
- Specific organic compounds
24
Give biological characteristics of water
- Bacteria
- Helminths
- Protozoa
- Viruses
25
What is the size of suspended, colloidal, and dissolved solids?
Size: suspended (>1mm), colloidal (0.001-1mm), dissolved
(<0.001mm)
26
At what temperature should a sample be ignited to form total solids?
103 degC
27
At what temperature should a sample be ignited to form organic and inorganic solids?
550 degC
28
What process should a process undergo in order to produce dissolved and suspended solids?
Filtration
29
What does an Imhoff cone produce?
- Settable and non-settable solids
30
Give impacts of suspended solids
- Impact
- Aesthetically displeasing
- Provides adsorption sites
- May be biodegraded to objectionable by-products
- Biologically active solids may cause disease
31
Give some uses for suspended solids
SS: a measure of wastewater strength/performance
VSS: a measure of organic content/active microbial
population
32
What are the sources of turbidity?
Source: eroded colloidal material, biosolids, soaps/detergents, emulsifiers
33
Measurements of turbidity and give short description each
Secchi disk: maximum depth of visibility
Photometry: absorption and scattering of light
34
Color of water with suspended solids
apparent color
35
color of water after removal of suspended solids
true color
36
Measurement of color
Measurement: true color units (TCU), Hazen or Pt-Co units (PCU)
37
measurement of taste and odor
Measurement: threshold odor number (TON)
38
threshold odor number equation
TON = (A+B)/A
39
The temperature should be measured in what?
in situ
40
Sources of dissolved solids
- Solvent action on solids, liquids, gases
- Contact with the atmosphere, surfaces, and the soil
- Decay products
41
measurements of dissolved solids
- Gravimetric
- Conductance (indicative of ions)
42
What compounds included in alkalinity?
- Carbonates
- Silicates
- Borates
- Phosphates
- Sulphides
- Ammonia
43
What compounds are included in alkalinity?
- Carbonates
- Silicates
- Borates
- Phosphates
- Sulphides
- Ammonia
44
sources of alkalinity
Sources: dissolution of minerals, detergents, fertilizers
45
impact of alkalinity
Impact: taste (in high values), precipitation, buffering capacity
46
It is the concentration of multivalent ions in solution
hardness
47
Hardness which is equivalent to alkalinity
Carbonate hardness
48
sources of hardness
Sources: cations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, Al (practically represented as Ca+Mg
49
Affected by temperature, salinity, pressure, and oxygen demand
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
50
Chemical water quality parameters
- Alkalinity
- Hardness
- Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
- Metals
- Synthetic Organic Chemicals
- Radionuclides
51
sources of metals
Sources: weathering/deposition, volcanic eruption, human activity
52
dissolved forms of metals are generally responsible for what?
toxicity
53
solubility of metals is affected by
Solubility affected by pH, temperature and salinity
54
examples of synthetic organic chemicals
– Pesticides
– Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
55
sources of synthetic organic chemicals
Source: solvents, materials in chemical processing
56
examples of radionuclides
E.g. radium, uranium, radon
57
Biological water quality parameters
- pathogens
- indicator organisms
58
Measures related to human health
pathogens
59
Measures related to the health of the ecosystem
indicator organisms
60
What are some indicators of fecal contamination?
- Total coliforms (TC’s) / Fecal coliforms (FC’s)
- E. coli
- Fecal streptococci, enterococci
61
What are some indicators of biointegrity?
- Polychaetes (worms)
- Bivalves
- Phyto/zooplankton
- Fish
62
What are the sources of pollution?
- Point sources
- Non-point sources
63
Give examples of point sources
- Domestic
- Combined Sewer
- Stormwater
- Industrial discharges
- Spills
64
give examples of non-point sources
- Agricultural runoff
- Livestock
- Urban runoff
- Landfills
- Recreational activities
65
Give the meaning of the acronyms:
- DENR
- EMB
- NWRB
- LLDA
– BFAR
– DOH
– DOST
– PCG
– LWUA
– MWSS
– MWCI
– MWSI
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YXTvegSU8ZRgPBzZRFH8_INSLL8lhKq2/view?usp=sharing
66
RA 4850 (1966)
LLDA Act
67
LLDA Act
RA 4850 (1966)
68
RA 6234 (1971)
Creation of MWSS
69
Creation of MWSS
RA 6234 (1971)
70
PD 856 (1975)
Sanitation Code
71
Sanitation Code
PD 856 (1975)
72
PD 1067 (1976)
Water Code
73
Water Code
PD 1067 (1976)
74
PD 1152 (1978)
Philippine Environmental Code
75
Philippine Environmental Code
PD 1152 (1978)
76
RA 9275 (2004)
Philippine Clean Water Act
77
Philippine Clean Water Act
RA 9275 (2004)
78
- To protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from
land based sources
- To provide comprehensive and integrated strategy to
prevent and minimize pollution through multi sectoral and
participatory approach involving all stakeholders
RA 9275 (2004): Philippine Clean Water Act
79
Revised Water Usage and Classification / Water Quality Criteria
DAO 1990-34
80
This class is intended primarily for waters having watersheds that are uninhabited and otherwise protected and which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines.
Class AA
Public Water Supply Class 1
81
For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.
Class A
Public Water Supply Class 2
82
For primarily contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. (particularly those designated for tourism purposes.)
Class B
Recreational Water Class 1
83
a. Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources.
b. Recreational water class 2 (boating, etc)
c. Industrial Water supply class 1 (from manufacturing processes after treatment)
Class C
84
1. For agriculture, irrigation, live stocks watering, etc.)
2. Industrial Water supply class 2 (e.g. cooling, etc.)Other
3. inland waters by their quality belong to this classification.
Class D
85
1. Waters suitable for the propagation survival and harvesting of selfish, commercial purposes.
2. Tourist Zones and national marine parks and reserves established under Presidential Proclamation No. 1801; existing laws and/or declared as such by an appropriate government agency.
3. Coral reef parks and reserves designated by law and concerned authorities.
4. Waters suitable for the propagation survival and harvesting of selfish, commercial purposes.
Class SA
86
Tourist Zones and national marine parks and reserves is established under what Presidential Proclamation?
Presidential Proclamation No. 1801
87
1. Recreational Water Class 1 (areas regularly used by the public for bathing swimming, skin diving, etc.)
2. Fishery Water class 3 (spawning areas for Chanos chanos or “Bangus” and similar species.
Class SB
88
1. Recreational Water class 3 (e.g. boating, etc.)
2. Fishery Water class 2 (commercial and sustenance fishing).
3. Marchy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries.
Class CS
89
1. Industrial Water supply class 2 (e.g. cooling, etc.)
2. Other coastal and marine waters, by their quality, belong to this classification.
Class SD
90
Revised Effluent Regulations
DAO 1990-35
91
Wastewater sources
- Domestic (sanitary)
- Infiltration and inflow
- Stormwater
- Industrial
92
from residences, commercial and institutional
facilities
Domestic (sanctuary)
93
from groundwater infiltration and
stormwater that enters from drains and manholes
Infiltration and inflow
94
runoff from rainfall
Stormwater
95
from manufacturing and chemical processing
Industrial
96
Estimations of industrial development
Light industrial development: 7.5 14 m 3 /ha d
Medium industrial development: 14 28 m 3 /ha d
97
Variations in WW Flowrates
– Short term (diurnal): peaks in the late morning and early evening
– Seasonal: e.g. resort areas, campuses
– Industrial: operation vs. shutdown (cleanup)
98
Sustained packing factor formula
PF = peak flowrate / average longterm flowrate
99
Base for development of flow rate ratios and for estimating pumping, sludge quantities, and chemical costs; identification of sewers where flows will not achieve minimum velocities
Average Daily
100
Estimating turndown ratio’ for pumping facilities and low range for plant flow metering
Minimum Hour
101
Sizing of plant components (influent channels, biological treatment systems including recycling requirements for trickling filters)
Minimum Day
102
Selection of minimum operating units required during low flow periods (especially at start-up of new facility); scheduling shutdown for maintenance
Minimum Month
103
Sizing of sanitary sewers; sizing pumping facilities and channels; sizing of physical unit operations including bar racks and screens, grit chambers, sedimentation tanks, filters, and chlorine contact tanks
Peak Hour
104
Sizing equalization basins and sludge pumping systems
Maximum Day
105
Sizing chemical storage facilities
Maximum month
106
Who invented the Parshall Flume?
Ralph Parshall
107
- Measures gravity flow rate only
- Allows solids to pass without interfering with the measurement
Parshall Flume
108
STAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
- Headworks
- Preliminary Treatment
– Primary Treatment
- Secondary Treatment
- Tertiary Treatment
- Sludge Treatment (Residuals Management)
109
(STAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT)
Collection, pumping, and flow measurement
Headworks
110
(STAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT)
– Removal of untreatable solid materials
– Protection of subsequent treatment units
– Improvement of the performance of subsequent treatment units
Preliminary Treatment
111
(STAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT)
– Removal of a significant fraction of organic particulate matter (as suspended solids) [typically 60% of SS and 35% of BOD]
– Removal of scum and inert particulate matter that was not
removed in preliminary treatment
Primary Treatment
112
(STAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT)
– Degradation of the readily biodegradable BOD that escapes primary treatment and to provide further removal of suspended solids
– Often includes treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus
Secondary Treatment
113
“Advanced” treatment due to
- Increasing loads of organic matter and suspended solids to rivers, streams, and lakes.
- The need to increase the removal of suspended solids to
provide more efficient disinfection.
- The need to remove nutrients to limit eutrophication of
sensitive water bodies.
- The need to remove constituents that preclude or inhibit
water reclamation.
Tertiary Treatment
114
(STAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT)
– Collection of sludge from various processes
– Recovery of water (thickening and dewatering)
– Stabilization, conditioning, and potential use as nutrient or
energy source
Sludge Treatment (Residuals Management)
115
Removal of materials that could damage equipment, reduce treatment effectiveness, or contaminate waterways
Screening (coarse)
116
Removal of materials that could damage equipment, or inhibit beneficial use of biosolids
Screening (fine)
117
Design Consideration for Screens
– Degree of screenings removal
– H&S of operators (pathogens, vectors)
– Odor potential
– Requirements for handling/transport
– Disposal options
118
To prevent logs, stumps, and large heavy debris from
entering treatment processes. Principally used in combined
sewers ahead of pumping units. In WWTPs, frequently
followed by coarse screens.
Trash racks
119
To remove large solids, rags, and debris. Typically used
in WWTP.
Bar racks or coarse screens
120
To remove small solids. Typically follows a coarse screen.
Fine screens
121
To reduce suspended solids to near primary treatment
level. Typically follow a coarse screen and/or fine screen.
May be used when downstream processes do not include
primary treatment.
Very fine screens
122
Used in conjunction with very fine screens for effluent
polishing.
Microscreens
123
– Protect moving mechanical equipment from abrasion and
abnormal wear
– Reduce formation of heavy deposits
– Reduce frequency of digester cleaning cause by grit
accumulation
– Usually placed between screens and primary sedimentation
Grit Removal
124
what is the detention time of an aerated grit chamber to achieve 95% removal
2 5min at peak hourly flow
125
aerated grit chamber air supply
Air supply: 0.0019 0.0125 m3/s m of tank length
126
what is the detention time of a vortex grit chamber?
20 30s at peak hourly flow
127
Damping of flowrate (and/or loading) variations to achieve
constant or near-constant conditions
Flow Equalization
128
Removal of floating and suspended solids, using physical
PRIMARY TREATMENT
129
the objective of primary treatment
- Remove suspended solids
- Organic solids also contain BOD
- Typically, remove 60% of incoming solids, 35% of BOD
130
equipment for primary treatment
Done in tanks called clarifiers
131
Typical Tank Shapes
- Rectangular tanks
- Square tanks
- Circular tanks
132
usually have chain drive scrapers to bring sludge to withdrawal trough in tank bottom. Typically, 3 m deep for water treatment .
Rectangular tanks
133
a tank shape that has better hydraulic characteristics thus less short circuiting
Rectangular tanks
134
- less expensive since side walls can be shared
- circular sludge collectors are relatively trouble free, but
corner sweeps are problematic
- more weir length in corners leads to non uniform radial
flow thus sludge collects in corners
Square tanks
135
- inflow at center, outflow along perimeter weir
or radial collection troughs; circular rake arm to rake sludge to center or with suction pipes
- depths usually 3 or more
- lower capital cost than a rectangular tank
- circular sludge sweep is relatively trouble free
Circular tanks
