Chapter 3: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 3: Autonomic Nervous System Deck (26)
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1
Q

A ________ originating in the ANS is transmitted to a ________ of secondary nerve cells for __________.

A

stimulus, ganglion, processing

p. 55

2
Q

The nerves of the ganglion relay the stimulus to their _____ ____, each of which terminates as a disc called a ______ that covers the receptors of a _______ cell or ________ ______ cell.

A

nerve ends
bouton
cardiac, arterial muscle
(p. 55)

3
Q

The terminal ends (boutons) of sympathetic nerves secrete ______________ which activates __________ receptors.

A

norepinephrine
adrenergic
(p. 56)

4
Q

In the heart, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have opposite functions. Interestingly, the _______________ exercises some ______ _______ of the sympathetic.

A

parasympathetic
direct control
(p. 56)

5
Q

The terminal parasympathetic nerve ends (boutons) secrete the neurotransmitter _____________, which ___________ activates ___________ receptors.

A

acetylcholine, exclusively, cholinergic

p. 56

6
Q

The effects of Beta1 activation include:

  1. ) ___________ the __ node to ____ faster
  2. ) ________ __ node conduction and accelerating conduction through the atrial and ventricular __________
  3. ) Increasing the _____ __ __________ ___________
  4. ) Increasing the ____________ of ______ and __________ ____________ ____ and minimally affects ventricular ____.
A

stimulating, SA, pace

improving AV, myocardium

force of myocardial contraction

irritability, atrial, junctional automaticity foci, foci
(p. 57)

7
Q

Epinephrine is secreted into the blood by the _______ _______, and is an ____ ____ ______ stimulator of the heart’s B1 receptors.

A

adrenal glands, even more potent

p. 57

8
Q

There are ___ vagus nerves, ____ and _____. Each vagus nerve supplies the _____ and __ _____.

A

two, left and right
heart and g.i. tract
(p. 58)

9
Q

Parasympathetic nerves release ______________, which actives cardiac ___________ receptors (most of which are in the _____) to produce a cardiac __________ effect.

A
acetylcholine
cholinergic
atria
inhibitory
(p. 58)
10
Q

Converse to the heart, the gastrointestinal tract is __________ by its parasympathetic innervation.

A

stimulated

p. 58

11
Q

The cardiac inhibitory effects of acetylcholine are:

  1. ) inhibition of the __ ____, decreasing the heart ____.
  2. ) decrease in the speed of __________ ___________, and depression of the __ ____.
  3. ) diminishing of the _____ of __________ ___________
  4. ) depression of ____________ of ____________ ____, mainly those in the _____ and __ junction.
A
  1. ) SA node, rate
  2. ) myocardial conduction, AV node
  3. ) force of myocardial contraction
  4. ) irritability of automaticity foci, atria, AV

(p. 58)

12
Q

What is the body’s main parasympathetic pathway?

Therefore the phrase “parasympathetic stimulation of the heart” is synonymous with…

A

the vagus nerves

vagal stimulation, which is inhibitory
p. 58

13
Q

Excessive parasympathetic stimulation of the GI tract causes symptoms such as…

A

…severe vomiting, painful/crampy diarrhea

p. 58

14
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of arterial alpha1 receptors __________ ________ throughout the body.

A
constricts arteries 
(p. 59)
15
Q

The alpha1 receptors are more responsive to ______________ than to circulating ___________.

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine
(p. 59)

16
Q

Parasympathetic activation of arterial cholinergic receptors _______ the same arteries, reducing _____ ________.
Besides this direct cholinergic activity, there is also an ________ __________ parasympathetic effect on the ___________ _______ that send nerve fibers to the vessels.

A

dilates, blood pressure

indirect inhibitory, sympathetic ganglia
p. 59

17
Q

Severe pain or seeing one’s own blood can induce a ______ _______________ response. This sudden bradycardia and hypotension causes _______. This phenomenon is also known as
________ _______.

A

reflex parasympathetic, syncope
merciful syncope
(p. 60)

18
Q

GI stimulation (e. g., ___ ______), or _______ _____ _______ may be employed to produce a parasympathetic response.

A

gag reflex, carotid sinus massage

p. 61

19
Q

These vagal maneuvers can inhibit an _________ _____ (atrial or __ junction), and may be able to convert ___ to sinus rhythm.

A

irritable focus, AV
SVT
(p. 61)

20
Q

Vagal maneuvers can also be used as a diagnostic aid when assessing a patient with ___ __ block, or ______ _______, bc these maneuvers inhibit the AV node which _________ ______________.

A

2:1 AV block
atrial flutter
increases refractoriness
(p. 61)

21
Q

What is the sympathetic response to standing?

A

SA Node stimulation
increased rate of sinus pacing
compensatory vasoconstriction
(p. 62)

22
Q

What condition is caused by failure of the body’s compensatory mechanisms upon standing?

A
orthostatic hypotension
(p. 62)
23
Q

_____-___________ syncope, a ___________ parasympathetic response to prolonged standing, causes ____________ and slowing of the _____, resulting in a loss of _____________.

A

Neuro-cardiogenic, paradoxical, vasodilation
pulse
consciousness
(p. 63)

24
Q

Neuro-cardiogenic syncope can be explained another way: in some _______ patients, prolonged standing increases the rate of sinus pacing, but ________________ fails. The transient tachycardia coupled with poor cardiac volume stimulates left ventricular _______ receptors, (aka ________________).
This elicits an undesirable parasympathetic reflex that _____ __ ____ pacing, and reduces _____ ________, reducing blood flow to the _____.

A

elderly, vasoconstriction
stretch, mechanoreceptors
slows SA Node pacing, blood pressure, brain
(p. 63)

25
Q

Under controlled circumstances, what test confirms the diagnosis of neuro-cardiogenic syncope?

A

a Head Up Tilt (HUT) test

p. 63

26
Q

What are the 5 key areas of EKG interpretation?

A
Rate
Rhythm
Axis
Hypertrophy
Infarction
(p. 64)