Chapter 3: Biochemistry

Question 0

All living things contain these organic molecules:

Answer 0

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic

acids

Question 1

What are organic molecules?

Answer 1

Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen.

Question 2

Carbon can bond with other carbons forming?

Answer 2

Straight chains, branched chains, or rings.

Question 3

Are polar and ionic molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 3

Hydrophilic because they dissolve in water by forming hydrogen bonds.

Question 4

Are non-polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 4

Hydrophobic because it doesn’t dissolve in water.

Question 5

What are isomers?

Answer 5

Different molecules that are composed of the same number and kinds of atoms but the atoms are arranged differently in each molecule.

Question 6

What is a functional group?

Answer 6

A group of atoms of a particular arrangement that gives the entire molecule certain characteristics.

Question 7

What letter do organic chemists use to indicate an organic molecule?

Answer 7

“R”

Question 8

What are monomers?

Answer 8

Smaller, simpler, molecules that build up carbon compounds. Also, the building blocks of macromolecules.

Question 9

What are polymers?

Answer 9

Molecules that consist of a monomer repeated several times.

Question 10

What are macro molecules?

Answer 10

Large polymers.

Question 11

What is a dehydration/contestationaction?

Answer 11

A chemical reaction that involves monomers linking to form polymers and the loss of water to do so.

Question 12

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 12

A chemical reaction that involves polymers being broken down into monomers and the addition of water to do so.

Question 13

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 13

Adenosine triphosphate.

Question 14

What does ATP do?

Answer 14

It is a compound that stores large amounts of energy for the cells’ constant use.

Question 15

What are the four important classes of organic molecules?

Answer 15

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, and lipids.

Question 16

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

Answer 16

(CH2O)n

Question 17

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 17

Simple sugars, having 3 to 7 carbon atoms. They can be bonded together to form polysaccharides.

Question 18

What do the names of most sugars end with?

Answer 18

“ose”

Question 19

What do simple sugars do?

Answer 19

Store energy for cells.

Question 20

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 20

Two monosaccharides joined together by a

dehydration/condensation reaction.

Question 21

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 21

Monosaccharides that are bonded together to form long chains.

Question 22

What are four polysaccharides?

Answer 22

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin.

Question 23

What do starch and glycogen do?

Answer 23

They function to store energy.

Question 24

What do cellulose and chitin do?

Answer 24

They function to support and protect the organism.

Question 25

What do enzymes do?

Answer 25

Regulate the rate of chemical reactions.

Question 26

What proteins have storage as their function?

Answer 26

Casein in milk, ovalbumin in egg whites.

Question 27

What proteins have transport as their function?

Answer 27

Hemoglobin.

Question 28

What proteins have fence as their function?

Answer 28

Antibodies.

Question 29

What proteins have a structural function?

Answer 29

Keratin, collagen, silk.

Question 30

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 30

Amino acids.

Question 31

How many amino acids are used to make protein?

Answer 31

20

Question 32

What is a peptide?

Answer 32

Two or more amino acids bonded together.

Question 33

What is a polypeptide?

Answer 33

A chain of many amino acids.

Question 34

What is a protein?

Answer 34

Either one or more chains of amino acids.

Question 35

Amino acids are joined together by what?

Answer 35

A peptide bond.

Question 36

What is the primary structure?

Answer 36

The sequence of amino acids found in a protein.

Question 37

What is the secondary structure?

Answer 37

The oxygen or nitrogen atoms of the peptide bond are capable of hydrogen- bonding.

Question 38

What is the tertiary structure?

Answer 38

The overall 3-dimensional shape of the polypeptide chain, typically described as being globular or fibrous.

Question 39

What is the quaternary structure?

Answer 39

Some proteins contain two or more polypeptide chains that associate to form a single protein.

Question 40

What are lipids?

Answer 40

Compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents.

Question 41

What do lipids function in?

Answer 41

Long-term storage.

Question 42

What are triglycerides composed of?

Answer 42

Fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 43

Are fats polar or non-polar?

Answer 43

Nonpolar.

Question 44

Are phosphate group non-polar or polar?

Answer 44

Polar.

Question 45

What are steroids' backbone?

Answer 45

Four carbon rings.

Question 46

What are waxes?

Answer 46

Long-chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol.

Question 47

Nucleic acids are composed of what?

Answer 47

Units called nucleotides, which are linked to form a larger molecule.

Question 48

What does each nucleotide contain?

Answer 48

A base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

Question 49

What is the sugar?

Answer 49

Deoxyribose(DNA) and Ribose(RNA)

Question 50

What are the bases of DNA?

Answer 50

Guanine, cytosine, thymine, and adenine.

Question 51

What is DNA composed of?

Answer 51

Two strands in which the bases of one strand are hydrogen- bonded to the bases of the other. The strands are twisted forming a configuration that is often referred to as a double helix.

Question 52

In DNA what is paired with what?

Answer 52

Adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine.

Question 53

What is DNA's function?

Answer 53

To store genetic information regarding the sequence of amino acids.

Question 54

What does RNA do?

Answer 54

Stores genetic information regarding the sequence of amino acids.

Question 55

How many strands does RNA have?

Answer 55

One.

Question 56

What are the bases of RNA?

Answer 56

Uracil, adenine, guanine, and cytocine.