Chapter 3 - Biological Molecules

Question 1

Amino acids are a specific type of ______

Answer 1

monomers

Question 2

When you put amino acids together what is formed?

Answer 2

polypeptides

Question 3

Four main biological macromolecules.

Answer 3

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 4

Two or more building blocks bonded together

Answer 4

POLYMERS

Question 5

Two opposite sides of chemical reactions

Answer 5

1. dehydration
2. hydrolysis

Question 6

What chemical reaction uses small molecules and make one bigger molecule?

Answer 6

Dehydration

Question 7

What chemical reaction uses one large molecule to make smaller molecules?

Answer 7

Hydrolysis

Question 8

How are monomers and polymers related?

Answer 8

Monomers band together to make the polymers

Question 9

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 9

Saccharides

Question 10

We can combine glucose through ___________ ___________ and build starch.

Answer 10

dehydration synthesis

Question 11

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 11

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 12

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 12

Single-ringed sugar

Question 13

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

Answer 13

Glucose

Question 14

What are 2 sugars bonded?

Answer 14

Disaccharides

Question 15

What is an example of a disaccharide?

Answer 15

Sucrose

Question 16

If it has carbon and hydrogen - you should understand it is __________

Answer 16

Organic

Question 17

What are the functions of saccharides?

Answer 17

Store energy - like starch
Provide structure - like cellulose

Question 18

Describe 3 types of saccharides:

Answer 18

1. Monosaccharides - single sugar
2. Disaccharides - 2 sugar molecules bound to one another
3. Polysaccharides - many

Question 19

Molecule composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Answer 19

Triglycerides

Question 20

Single, solid molecule - it’s carbon chain only contains single bonds - pack tightly
room temperature will be solid

Answer 20

Saturated fatty acid

Question 21

At least one double bond present - between carbon - KINKS prevent tight packing - examples - vegetable oil, canola

Answer 21

Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 22

Special lipids that are key components/associated with cell membrane

Answer 22

Phospholipids
Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

Question 23

Specialized type of lipid that are hydrophobic - meaning they repel water:

Answer 23

Steroids

Question 24

Most common steroid found in the human body:

Answer 24

Cholesterol

Question 25

What are the only nonpolar macromolecules that are hydrophobic (will not go into solutions)?

Answer 25

Lipids

Question 26

Are phospholipids hydrophobic, hydrophilic or both?

Answer 26

Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

Question 27

What are 3 examples of steroids?

Answer 27

Plasma membranes, hormones, and vitamins

Question 28

What is the function of phospholipids?

Answer 28

Major component of plasma membrane

Question 29

Where do we find proteins?

Answer 29

In all living organisms.

Question 30

Why are lipids special?

Answer 30

Some are hydrophobic and some are hydrophilic

Question 31

What are 5 functions of proteins? Steph

Answer 31

1. Enzymes (they are catalysts) 2. hormones 3. Structure/support 4. protective proteins 5. transport proteins

Question 32

What are monomers we use to build proteins?

Answer 32

Amino acids

Question 33

How many common amino acids are used in different combinations to build proteins?

Answer 33

Millions - no one knows - but there are 20 common amino acids

Question 34

Amino acids are joined by _________ to form polypeptide chains.

Answer 34

Peptide bonds

Question 35

What is a protein primary structure?

Answer 35

A chain of amino acids

Question 36

When cells are building proteins, what is the first step?

Answer 36

To get amino acids into proper configuration

Question 37

When amino acids folds on itself and begins to interact with itself is called what.

Answer 37

Protein Secondary structure

Question 38

What is a 3-D protein structure?

Answer 38

Protein tertiary structure

Question 39

What are 2 or more polypeptide chains that have already been folded together in the tertiary structure

Answer 39

Protein quaternary structure

Question 40

What does denaturation mean?

Answer 40

Fall apart

Question 41

Things that can denature a protein? Bashh

Answer 41

Heat acids bases salt concentration homeotasis

Question 42

Can a denatured protein refold after it has unfolded?

Answer 42

no

Question 43

TRUE or FALSE Polypeptides have a lot of functions

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

What is a peptide bond? How is it made?

Answer 44

A peptide bond is two amino acids bonded together. It is a covalent bond

Question 45

Describe four levels of protein structure:

Answer 45

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

Question 46

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

Answer 46

DNA - ribose sugar that occurs naturally in the body Molecule of heredity (genetic material stored in DNA)

Question 47

What is Ribonucleic Acid?

Answer 47

Used by the cell to build / make proteins RNA

Question 48

4 main types of RNA

Answer 48

mRNA - messengr tRNA - transport rRNA - ribosomal miRNA

Question 49

What makes RNA different than DNA?

Answer 49

RNA has Uracil. DNA has Thymine.

Question 50

What are cytosine, thymine, adenine, guanine, and uracil?

Answer 50

Nucleotides

Question 51

What acts as cell messengers?

Answer 51

Nucleotides

Question 52

What are 3 functions of nucleotides?

Answer 52

1. Make up nucleic acids 2. Act as cell messengers 3. Carry energy

Question 53

What makes the difference in proteins?

Answer 53

The amino acid sequence

Question 54

What are the building blocks of polymers?

Answer 54

Monomers

Question 55

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA?

Answer 55

DNA holds information and passes it on RNA - get the information from DNA and guides the cell in building specific proteins DNA has thymine RNA has Uracil

Question 56

RNA's sugar

Answer 56

Ribose

Question 57

DNA's sugar

Answer 57

deoxyribose

Question 58

Describe the 3-part structure of a nucleotide.

Answer 58

Phosphate group Sugar Base

Question 59

TRUE of FALSE DNA polymers are composed of amino acid monomers.

Answer 59

FALSE Actually made of nucleotide monomers, not amino acids

Question 60

Which type of molecule would be most abundant in a typical cell?

Answer 60

Water

Question 61

Which of the following correctly matches an organic polymer with its respective monomers?

Answer 61

Protein and amino acids

Question 62

A peptide bond is found in which type of biological molecule?

Answer 62

protein

Question 63

What provides long-term energy storage for plants?

Answer 63

Starch

Question 64

DNA carries genetic information to its ________

Answer 64

Sequence of basis

Question 65

What absorbs energy and becomes active - jumps in energy levels - and energy increases

Answer 65

Electrons

Question 66

__________ is backbone because it is reactive, looking for 4 additional electrons to be stable

Answer 66

Carbon

Question 67

What bond is an atom that has lost or gained electrons - acquiring an overall positive or negative charge?

Answer 67

Ionic bonds

Question 68

Are covalent bonds stronger or weaker than ionic bonds?

Answer 68

Covalent are stronger - very strong