Chapter 3 Brain & Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience Flashcards
(81 cards)
Toward the front
Anterior
Cortical areas that carry out further processing beyond what the primary projection area does, often combining information from other senses
Association Area
The area of cortex on the superior temporal gyrus, which is the primary projection area for auditory information
Auditory Cortex
One of the two branches of the peripheral nervous system; it is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which control smooth muscle, glands, and the heart and other organs
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
The brain’s protection from toxic substances and neurotransmitters in the bloodstream; the small openings in the capillary walls prevent large molecules from passing through unless they are fat soluble or carried through by special transporters
Blood-Brain Barrier
The area anterior to the precentral gyrus (motor cortex) that sends output to the facial motor area to produce speech and also provides grammatical structure to language
Broca’s Area
The part of the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The groove between the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe in each hemisphere
Central Sulcus
A structure in the hindbrain that contributes the order of muscular contractions and their precise timing to intended movements and helps maintain posture and balance. It is also necessary for learning motor skills and contributes to nonmotor learning and cognitive activities
Cerebellum
The large, wrinkled structures that are the dorsal or superior part of the brain and that are covered by the cortex
Cerebral Hemispheres
Liquid in the ventricles and spinal canal that carries material from the blood vessels to the central nervous system and transports waste materials in the other direction. It also helps cushion the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid
The third stage of nervous system development, in which the developing neurons send processes to their target cells and form functional connections
Circuit Formation
The fourth stage of nervous system development, in which neurons that are unsuccessful in finding a place on the appropriate target cell, or that arrive late, die and excess synapses are eliminated
Circuit Pruning
A response to nervous system injury, in which surviving presynaptic neurons sprout new terminals, postsynaptic neurons add more receptors, or surrounding tissue takes over functions
Compensation
The largest of the groups of neurons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
The grayish 1.5- to 4-mm-thick surface of the hemispheres, composed mostly of cell bodies, where the highest-level processing occurs in the brain
Cortex
The 12 pairs of axonal bundles that enter and leave the underside of the brain; part of the peripheral nervous system
Cranial Nerves
Toward the back side of the body
Dorsal
The branch of a spinal nerve through which neurons enter the spinal cord
Dorsal Root
A condition caused by the mother’s use of alcohol during the third trimester of pregnancy; neurons fail to migrate properly, often resulting in intellectual disability; the leading cause of intellectual disability in the Western world
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A deep groove between gyri of the cerebral hemispheres that is larger than a sulcus
Fissure
The area of each cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissure
Frontal Lobe
A group of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Ganglion
A formation at the tip of a migrating neuron that samples the environment for directional cues
Growth Cone
