Chapter 3 - Cell Structure Flashcards
(44 cards)
Define eukaryotic cell
Contains a nucleus and membrane bound organisms
Summarise the structure of a plant cell
- Cell wall of cellulose
- Cell Membrane
- Nucleus
- SER and RER
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes (80S)
- Vacuole
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts
- Golgi apparatus
Summarise the structure of an animal cell
- Cell wall of cellulose
- Cell Membrane
- Nucleus
- SER and RER
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes (80S)
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Golgi apparatus
How are fungi and algae different from plants
- Algae single celled
- Fungi have no chloroplasts and a cell wall made of chitin
Summarise the structure of a nucleus
- Nuclear envelope with nuclear pores
- Nucleolus for RNA
- Chromatin
- Nucleoplasm
Summarise the structure of the RER
- Network of fluid filled membranes attached to nucleus
- Covered in ribosomes
- Modifies and folds proteins
Summarise the structure of the SER
- Network of fluid filled membranes
- Synthesis, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates
Summarise the structure of the golgi apparatus
- Group of fluid filled sacs
- Modify and package proteins and lipids
- Creates golgi vesicles and lysosomes
Summarise the structure of golgi vesicles
- Made by golgi apparatus
- Store and transport proteins and lipids
- Can transport out of cell by exocytosis
Summarise the structure of a lysosome
- Special golgi vesicle
- Contains digestive enzymes (lysozyme) that hydrolyse pathogens and old cell organelles
Summarise the structure of the mitochondria
- Outer membrane
- Inner membrane has folds called cristae
- Matrix in the centre
- Cristae provide surface area for production of ATP
Summarise the structure of the chloroplast
- Outer membrane
- Stacks of grana
- Grana consist of thylakoids
- Stroma
- Starch grains
- Lamellae to join grana
Summarise the structure of the cell wall
- Strong, structural wall that prevents bursting
- Plants and cellulose have cellulose
- Fungi have chitin
- Bacteria have murein
Summarise the structure of the vacuole
- Contains sugars and salts
- Keeps cell turgid and rigid and may contain colour
Summarise the structure of ribosomes
- Two subunits
- Make proteins
- Attached to RER
- Made of proteins and RNA
Define specilaised cells
A cell that has evolved to carry out specific functions by having different adaptations to do this efficiently
Summarise how a cell builds an animal
Specialised cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ system - Animals
Define tissue
A group of specific cells working together to perform a specific function
Define organ
A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function(s)
Define organ system
A group of organism working together to perform a specific function
Summarise how a protein is produced and secreted
- Nucleus contains gene for transcription
- Protein synthesis occurs
- Protein transported to the golgi apparatus
- This modifies the protein and may add carbohydrates
- Protein packaged into a golgi vesicle
- Vesicle is transported to the cell membrane and release contents by exocytosis as the vesicle fuses with the membrane
Summarise the structure of a prokaryotic cell
- Capsid
- Cell wall of murein
- Cell membrane
- Loop of circular DNA
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes (70S)
- Capsule
- Flagellum
- Plasmids (loop of DNA carrying useful genes)
What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes (P and E)
- P are singled celled bacterium and E are animals, plants and fungi
- P have no nucleus, circular DNA, no histones and no introns
- P have no membrane bound organelles
- P has Small ribosomes (70S)
- P has cell wall of murein
- P have plasmids and sometimes a capsule
- E have a nucleus present with linear DNA and histones and membrane bound organelles
- E has 80S ribosomes
- E does not have a plasmid and only plants and fungi have a cell wall of cellulose and chitin
- E does not have a capsule
Summarise the structure of a virus
- Genetic material of either DNA or RNA
- Capsid
- Attachment proteins to attach to the host
- Acellular so not living as they cannot reproduce without a host
