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Biology Year 1 > Chapter 3 - Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is a eukaryote

A

A cell with membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

What is a prokaryote

A

A cell with no membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

What organelles are found in an animal cell

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
RER
SER
Ribosomes
Golgi
Vesicles
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
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4
Q

What organelles are found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell

A

Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Cellulose cell wall

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5
Q

What are algae

A

Single called organisms

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6
Q

What organelles are found in algae

A

Same as plant cells

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7
Q

How are organelles of fungi different to algae

A
  • Have no chloroplasts

- Cell wall made of chi-tin (kie-tin)

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8
Q

What are the functions of a nucleus

A
  • Hold genetic material (where chromosomes are found)
  • controls the cells activities
  • Nucleolus makes ribosomes
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9
Q

What are the parts of a nucleus

A

Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelopes
Nuclear pores

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10
Q

What is a rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • network of fluid filled sacks
  • usually attached to nucleus
  • covered in ribosomes
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11
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do

A

Modified and folds proteins

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12
Q

How is a smooth endoplasmic reticulum different from and rough

A
  • Doesn’t have ribosomes

- Not attached to nucleus

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13
Q

What is a Golgi apparatus

A

A group of fluid filled sacks, that makes Golgi vesicles

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14
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do

A
  • Modify and package proteins and lipids
  • Put then into vesicles for transport
  • Make lysosomes
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15
Q

What do Golgi vesicles do

A
  • Store and transport proteins and lipids

- can be transported out of the cell

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16
Q

What is a lysosome

A

A special type of vesicles

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17
Q

How is a lysosomes different to other vesicles

A
  • They contain digestive enzymes called lysozymes
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18
Q

What do lysozymes do

A

Hydrolyse (break down) pathogens and old cell organelles

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19
Q

What are the structural features of mitochondria

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Cristae
  • Matrix
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20
Q

What do mitochondria do

A
  • The site of aerobic respiration

- Make ATP

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21
Q

What are the structural features of chloroplasts

A
  • Thylakoids
  • Grana (stack of thylakoids)
  • Double membrane
  • Stroma
  • Starch grain
  • Lamellae
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22
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A
  • The site of photosynthesis

- Contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy

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23
Q

What the the function of a cell wall

A

To have a strong structure and so protect a cell and its organelles

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24
Q

What substance makes up a cell wall in plants and algae

A

Cellulose

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25
What substance makes up a cell wall in fungi
Chitin
26
How can the structure of a vacuole be described
Has no fixed shape
27
What does a vacuole contain
Sugars and salts (cell sap)
28
What is the purpose of a vacuole
Keeps a cell turgid (not wilted)
29
What are ribosomes
Small proteins and RNA
30
What do ribosomes do
Make proteins
31
Where are ribosomes found
On RER or anywhere on the cell
32
What is the order of organisation of cells
Specialised cells Tissue Organ Organ system
33
Give an example of an order of organisation of cells
Epithelial cell (ileum) Epithelial tissue Small intestine Digestive system
34
What is a specialised cell
- A cell that has evolved adaptations specific to its function
35
What is tissue
A group of cells working together to perform a specific function
36
What is an organ
A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function
37
What is an organ system
A group of organs working together to perform a specific function
38
How is an epithelial cell specialised
They have microvilli, increasing their surface area so allowing more absorption
39
Explain the process of production and secretion of proteins
1) Nucleus contains gene for the protein (site of transcription, goes out nuclear pore) 2) Translation takes place on the ribosomes on RER 3) Protein transported to Golgi apparatus in a vesicle 4) Golgi modifies protein 5) Protein packaged into Golgi vesicle 6) Vesicle transported to cell surface membrane 7) Exocytosis- Vesicle fuses with membrane and ejects protein out of other side of membrane
40
What is a prokaryotic cell
Has no membrane bound organelles | Eg bacteria
41
What organelles can be found in a prokaryotic cell
- Loop of DNA - Ribosomes - cell wall - cell membrane - Cytoplasm - Plasmids - Flagella - Capsule
42
Why is there a loop of DNA in prokaryotes
There is no nucleus
43
Where is poop of DNA found in prokaryotes
Free in the cytoplasm
44
What does a cell membrane do in a prokaryote
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
45
What does a cell wall do in a prokaryote
Provide strength and structure
46
What is the cell wall of a prokaryote made out of
Museum, a glycoprotein
47
What are plasmids
Small loops of DNA
48
What do plasmids do
Carry useful genes eg antibiotic resistance, and can be passed between bacteria
49
What does the flagella do
Act as a tail to help it move
50
What do the capsule do
sometimes Help to protect the bacteria cell from engulfment
51
How do prokaryotic cells divide
By binary fission
52
What is the process of a prokaryotic cell dividing known as
Binary fission
53
How is the way in which DNA is stored different in different types of cells
In prokaryotes, it is in a circular loop of DNA, and has no introns, histones or chromosomes In eukaryotes it is found in the nucleus
54
How are the ribosomes different in different types of cells
In prokaryotes they are small, called 70s | In eukaryotes they are big, called 80s
55
How are cell walls different in different types of cells
In prokaryotes, glycoproteins are in cell walls and these are murein and peptidoglycan In eukaryotes, animal cells don’t have cell walls, plant cells have cellulose and fungi have chitin
56
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ with plasmids and capsules
All prokaryotes have plasmids, no eukaryotes do | Some prokaryotes have capsules, no eukaryotes do
57
Draw a virus and label it
``` Pentagon shape (capsid) Lines inside (genetic material) 4 legs (attachment proteins) ```
58
What do attachment proteins on virus’s do
Join virus to its host cell
59
What do it mean that virus’s are acellular
The don’t have their own cells, so are not living and can’t reproduce without use another living cell to do so
60
How do viruses reproduce
1) Attachment proteins bind to complementary receptor proteins on host cell (attachment proteins are specific to receptor proteins) 2) Virus injects it’s genetic material 3) It hijacks the host cell, using its organelles to reproduce more viruses
61
What are the methods of studying cells
Cell fractionation | Use of microscopes
62
What are the parts of cell franctionation
Breaking cells open Filtering the solution Ultra centrifugation
63
Explain why we break cells open as the first part of cell fractionation
Break them open - Keep then ice cold (prevent enzyme activity) - Keep them isotonic (prevents osmosis, organelles don’t change size - Use buffer (keep the pH the same)
64
Explain why we filter the solution as part of cell fractionation
- Removes cell debris and whole cells
65
Explain the process and what happens as a result of ultra centrifugation of cells
- Spin year tube - Heaviest organelles compressed into a pellet at the bottom - Remaining liquid poured off - Spin again - Next heaviest removed - Repeat
66
What are the three types of microscopes
``` Light/optical Scanning electron (SEM) Transmission electron (TEM) ```
67
State some advantages of light microscopes
- Easy to use - Cheap - Colour image produced
68
State advantages of SEM’s
- Better magnitude and resolution than light, as wave length is shorter than light - Forms a 3D image - Don’t need to slice a thin section (can observe living cells)
69
State advantages of TEM’s
- Even better magnification and resolution | - Allows internal structure to be seen
70
State disadvantages of light microscopes
- Lower magnification and resolution | - Can’t see smaller organelles (long wavelength)
71
Disadvantages of SEM’s
- Lower magnification and resolution than TEM’s | - Can’t see internal structures
72
Disadvantages of TEM’s
- Need a thin slice so can’t observe living cells - Thin slices can cause artefacts - Specimens need to be in a vacuum - Image is not in colour
73
What is an artefact (microscopes)
Distortion of the image
74
What are the stages before and during mitosis
``` Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```
75
What are the three stages of interphase, and what do the do
G1 - Gap 1, growth of organelles occurs S phase - Synthesis, replication G2 - Gap 2, continues to do its function
76
What happens in interphase
DNA replicates Organelles replicate Can’t see chromosomes
77
What happens in prophase
- Chromosomes condense (become visible, X shape) - nuclear membrane breaks down - centrioles move to poles
78
What happens in metaphase
- Chromosomes line up on the equator - Spindle forms - Spindle attaches to centromeres
79
What happens during anaphase
- Centromeres split | - What were sister chromatids are pulled apart as chromosomes to opposite poles
80
What happens during telophase
- Nuclear membrane reforms
81
What happens after just after mitosis
Cytokinesis
82
What is cytokinesis
Where the cell divides into 2
83
What is mitosis for, and what happens (short explanation)
Cell division to form 2 genetically identical daughter cells, for growth and repair - 1 division - 2 daughter cells - 4 stages (PMAT)
84
Draw the cell cycle
Draw a circle Just under a quarter should be nuclear division (mitosis/meiosis) Small section of cytokinesis after this All the rest made up by interphase
85
What is cancer
Uncontrolled cell division
86
How does cancer occur
- Mitosis, to divide cells, is controlled by genes - If gene mutates, a cell can divide rapidly - This will cause a tumour
87
How can cancer by treated
Controlling/restricting mitosis
88
What are ways that mitosis can be controlled or restricted to treat cancer
- Use of drugs (chemotherapy) : to prevent DNA replicating : to inhibit metaphase by interfering with Spindle fibres
89
Why can treatment of cancer be negative, but also why is this negative impact often limited
It can disrupt normal cells, however it is more effective against rapidly dividing cells
90
What is binary fission
Asexual reproduction/cell division of single cells led organisms Eg bacteria
91
How does binary fission occur
- Circular loop of DNA and plasmids replicate - Move to opposite ends of cell - Cytoplasm divides to form 2 daughter cells - Each has a single copy of circular DNA

Biology Year 1 (10 decks)

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