Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Taxonomy Flashcards by Melijah San Pascual

where most metabolic reactions occur

Cytoplasm

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discovered on the intestine by Theodore Escherich

Escherichia coli

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The main constituent of most bacterial cell walls
main structure and cell wall of bacteria
made up of sugar and protein

peptidoglycan

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abbreviation used to designate more than one species

spp.

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bunch of flagella at one side of the bacterial cell wall

lophotrichous

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arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups

classification

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slimy material produced by cell membrane

glycocalyx

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contains lysozyme and other digestive enzymes which will degranulate phagocytized materials such as bacteria

lysosomes

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example of gram (-) bacteria which causes salmonella fever

Salmonella typhii

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like brush bristles; impt for attachment ; para mag attach yung bacteria sa cells natin

fimbriae

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Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes, but their function is the same⎯they are the sites of protein synthesis TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

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three components of eukaryotic nucleus

nucleoplasm
chromosomes
nuclear membrane

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type of plastid that contains chlorophyll

chloroplasts

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responsible for the synthesis of lipids; does not have ribosomes attached

Smooth ER

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considered as the major virulence factor of gram (+)

teichoic acid

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important for bacteria to survive in extreme conditions

spores or endospores

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determines how close is the relationship of organisms

Phylogenetic Tree of Life

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found in cell walls of fungi

chitin

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Gram ___ bacteria have a much thinner layer of peptidoglycan

negative

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bacterial cell wall is surrounded by flagella

peritrichous

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semiliquid that consists of water, enzymes, waste products, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids⎯materials required for metabolic functions.

cytoplasm

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bacteria responsible for gonorrhea

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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time it takes for binary fission to occur

generation time

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10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells ; simple compared to eukaryotic cells

prokaryotic cells

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found in cell walls of algae and plants

cellulose

example of bacteria with endospores (tetanus)

Clostridium tetani

sites of protein synthesis

ribosomes

membrane-bound structures containing photosynthetic pigments ; site of photosynthesis

plastids

important for bacterial conjugation (transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another)

sex pilus

transfer of genetic material of bacteria from one bacterial cell to another

bacterial conjugation

proposed the three-domain system of classification

Karl Woes

three types of fibers

microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments

a _____ nucleus consists of nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and a nuclear membrane

true nucleus

small, circular molecules of DNA that are not part of the chromosome; dictates whether a bacteria is antibiotic-resistant

plasmids

uncoils the bacterial DNA then sasabog bacterial cell

gyrase

breaks down harmful materials such as H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

peroxisomes

Gram ___ bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan

positive

spore formation ; occurs when a bacteria encounter extreme condition

sporulation

abbreviation used to designate a single species

sp.

prevents antibiotics in entering the bacteria

porin

it is located along the chromosomes

genes

single flagellum at both ends

amphitrichous

can prevent phagocytosis

antiphagocytic function

The more similar the sequence of base pairs, the more closely related are the organisms. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Completes the transformation of newly synthesized proteins and packages them for storage or export; outputs from ER are packed in here.

golgi apparatus or golgi complex or golgi body

- system of fibers throughout the cytoplasm | - provides framework so cells will have definite shape; also important for cell division

cytoskeleton

process of pagbalik ng vegetative cell

germination

absence of flagellum

atrichous

- pleomorphic | - do not have cell wall

mycoplasma

purpose is to sequence the RNA to prokaryotic to determine the genotypic characterization of certain microorganisms.

16S rRNA

prokaryotic cells reproduce by a process known as ____. ; one cell splits in half to become two daughter cells

binary fission

A rigid exterior that defines the shape of bacterial cells⎯chemically complex

bacterial cell wall

another term for peptidoglycan

murein

prokaryotic cells have mitochondria TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

shorter, thinner, and more numerous than flagella, and described as being “hair-like.”

cilia

fundamental unit of any living organism

cell

- found in gram (-) bacteria | - hair-like structures responsible for anchoring themselves to surfaces

pili

considered as the major virulence factor of gram (-)

LPS or Lipopolysaccharide

- has ribosomes attached to it | - responsible for protein synthesis

rough ER

normally-growing cell that forms the endospore is called a

vegetative cell

Prokaryotic chromosome usually consists of a single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Father of Taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus

- The powerhouse of the cell | - Generates ATP by means of cellular respiration

mitochondria

type of bacterial cell layer that is highly organized and firmly connected

capsule

widely used technique for gauging diversity or relatedness of organisms

rRNA sequencing

prevents the synthesis of peptidoglycan

penicillin

semifluid, gelatinous nutrient matrix

cytosol

it is where you can find the chromosomes

nucleoplasm

science of classification of living organisms

taxonomy

hierarchy of organisms

King David Came Over For Good Spaghetti | Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

highly convoluted system of membranes arranged to form a transport network in the cytoplasm

endoplasmic reticulum

bacteria sa tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

type of bacterial cell layer that is loosely connected to cell wall

slime layer

single flagellum

monotrichous

science of taxonomy was established based on _______

binomial system of nomenclature (every organism is given 2 names: 1st name - genus 2nd name - specific epithet

3 domain system of classification

Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya

- long, thin, whiplike organelles of locomotion found in some eukaryotic cells - made up of microtubules - main function is locomotion

flagella

it is the command center of the eukaryotic cell; dictates the activity of the cell (usually cell division)

nucleus or eukaryotic nucleus

set of genes

genome

- external structure to provide shape, protection, and rigidity - simpler in structure than prokaryotic cell walls

cell walls