Chapter 3: Chemical Bonding Flashcards
(28 cards)
What is ionic bonding?
Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
How are ionic bonds formed?
Electrons are transferred from a metal to a non-metal, creating cations and anions.
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion.
What is an anion?
A negatively charged ion.
What is the effect of ionic charge on ionic bonding strength?
Higher charge = stronger attraction.
What is the effect of ionic radius on ionic bonding strength?
Smaller radius = ions are closer together = stronger bonding.
Which has stronger ionic bonding: MgO or NaCl?
MgO (Mg²⁺ and O²⁻) has stronger ionic bonding.
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
- High melting/boiling points
- Conduct electricity when molten or in solution
- Often soluble in water
What is covalent bonding?
The sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms.
What is a dot-and-cross diagram?
A diagram showing how electrons are shared in covalent bonding.
What does a coordinate (dative) bond involve?
Both electrons come from one atom.
How is a coordinate bond represented?
With an arrow (→).
What causes bond polarity?
Differences in electronegativity between atoms.
What is a polar bond?
A bond where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial charges.
When is a bond non-polar?
When the atoms are the same (e.g., Cl–Cl).
What happens to dipoles in a symmetrical molecule?
The dipoles cancel out.
What does VSEPR theory predict?
The shapes of molecules based on electron pair repulsion.
What is the bond angle for a linear arrangement?
180°.
What is the bond angle for a trigonal planar arrangement?
120°.
What is the bond angle for a tetrahedral arrangement?
109.5°.
What is the bond angle for a pyramidal arrangement?
~107°.
What is the bond angle for a bent arrangement?
~104.5°.
What are van der Waals’ forces?
Weak forces caused by temporary shifts in electron density.
What are permanent dipole-dipole interactions?
Interactions between polar molecules with permanent partial charges.
