Chapter 3: Classification and Diagnosis

Question 1

2 key aspects of the adequacy of classification systems?

Answer 1

validity

utility

Question 2

Classification validity

Answer 2

the extent to which the principles used in classifying an entity are effective in capturing the nature of the entity

Question 3

Classification Utility

Answer 3

the usefulness of a classification scheme

Question 4

categorical approach to classification

Answer 4

an entity is determined to be either a member of a category or not
i.e. living vs. non-living

Question 5

Dimensional approach to classification

Answer 5

classified entities differ in the extent to which they possess certain characteristics or properties

i. e. weight and height
- diff dimensions do not need to be related, but it is essential that the dimensions reflect significant higher order constructs rather than simple descriptive features

Question 6

Thomas Achenbauch

Answer 6

Child psychopathology researcher
gathered info about children’s difficulties from multiple informants and then used factor analysis to determine symptoms that co-occur
- yielded two broad dimensions of problems
- externalizing problems and internalizing problems
- Auchenbauch system of empirically based assessment
- empirically derived assessment tools to measure competence and problems across the lifespan

Question 7

externalizing problems

Answer 7

Thomas Achenbauch
acting-out behaviours
yelling, destroying things, stealing

Question 8

internalizing problems

Answer 8

Thomas Achenbauch

feelings of sadness, worry, and withdrawn behaviour

Question 9

diagnostic system

Answer 9

a classification based on rules used to organize and understand diseases and disorders

Question 10

diagnosis

Answer 10

the result of applying the decision-making rules of a diagnostic system to the symptoms of a specific individual

Question 11

prototype model

Answer 11

members of a diagnostic category may differ in the degree to which they represent the concepts underlying the category
- implies tha not all people receiving the same diagnosis have exactly the same set of symptoms

Question 12

Determining whether behaviour is abnormal requires knowledge of the ______

Answer 12

context

Question 13

developmental psychopathology

Answer 13

a framework for understanding problem behaviour in relation to the milestones that are specific to each stage of a person’s development

underlines that biological and psychological systems are constantly changing
emphasizes the importance of major developmental transitions, as well as disruptions to normal patterns of development

Question 14

classification for mental disorders rely heavily on the _________

Answer 14

observations of symptoms

a lot of self-report data

Question 15

a primary symptom of adult depression is

Answer 15

sadness

Question 16

how do children and adults express sadness?

Answer 16

adults express sadness verbally

children express it through disinterest and/or boredom

Question 17

Harmful dysfunction

Answer 17

the behaviours associated with a mental disorder are dysfunctional and the dysfunction causes harm to the individual or to those around him or her

Question 18

dyscontrol

Answer 18

the impairment resulting from a disorder must be involuntary or not readily controlled

Question 19

1 out of every ____ CAD adolescents and adults reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of a mental disorder such as alcohol or illicit drug dependence, a mood disorder, or an anxiety disorder

Answer 19

10

Question 20

prevalence of mental disorders

Answer 20

anxiety > mood > impulse-control > substance abuse

Question 21

each year, both _____ of the EU pop suffered from a mental disorder and/or neurological disorder

Answer 21

38%

Question 22

mental disorders are viewed as ______ disabling than physical disorders

Answer 22

more

Question 23

participants with ______ disorders are less likely to be receiving treatment than were those with ______ disorders

Answer 23

mental

physical

Question 24

in higher income countries, ____% of all physical disorders were treated, and ___% of all mental disorders
compared to in lower income countries

Answer 24

65%
24%

53%, 8%

Question 25

modern theories of the aetiology of mental disorders are all based on a _______ model

Answer 25

biopsychosocial mdel and the contribution of these may also change over life (the impact of genetic factors that influenced fear intensity during childhood tended to diminish over time, whereas the impact of life experiences increased over time)

Question 26

odds if developing a disorder _______ with an ______ in the number of stressors experienced

Answer 26

increased | increased

Question 27

depression in maternal grandmother

Answer 27

predicted maternal depression and interpersonal stress. the maternal depression influenced the mothers interpersonal stress and the development of their children's social competence and contrived tot he children's interpersonal stress and depression poor social competence and high interpersonal stress in the children predicted their own development of depressive symptoms

Question 28

significant increase in depressive symptoms in which grades?

Answer 28

6-7

Question 29

symptoms of depression increase more rapidly for _____ than _ around grade 5-7

Answer 29

girls | boys

Question 30

trajectory of depression across lifespan

Answer 30

highest in young adulthood decrease during middle adulthood increased in older adulthood

Question 31

how many people who experience a first episode of depression recover and have no subsequent episodes of depression?

Answer 31

50%

Question 32

how many adults do not have a single depression free year following their initial episode?

Answer 32

15%

Question 33

what are the two diagnostic systems?

Answer 33

the DSM and the ICD

Question 34

Robert Spitzer

Answer 34

task force chair of the DSM 3 - atheoretical - introduced concrete behavioural descriptions of most disorders - more explicit diagnsistc criteria - imporve reliability

Question 35

DSM 5

Answer 35

categorical classification lifespan approach compatible with the ICD 10

Question 36

ICD

Answer 36

international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems - all health conditions - developped by WHO 42 languages - a section covers mental and behavioural disorders

Question 37

at least ___% of american adults meet the diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder

Answer 37

30

Question 38

theres a ______ relationship between disorder severity and subsequent problems in psychosocial functioning

Answer 38

linear

Question 39

compared to people with no diagnosable condition, those suffering from a mild disorder were more likely to develop

Answer 39

significant psychosocial problems

Question 40

about _____ of the functional disability occurring during mental disorders was accounted for by symptoms that were below the diagnostic threshold

Answer 40

1/2

Question 41

diagnstic validity

Answer 41

an indication that a disorder is a discrete entity that has clear countries with other disorders

Question 42

what are predictors of PTSD?

Answer 42

dissociation experienced around the time of trauma | acute reactions to trauma do predict later distress and adjustment problems

Question 43

comorbidity

Answer 43

when a person receives diagnoses for 2 or more disorders at the same point in time evident in youth 57% those with comorbid conditions are more severely impaired in daily life functioning, are more likely to have chronic history of mental health problems, have more physical health problems and use more health care services Contradicts the assumption that diagnostic categories are discreet and non-overlapping

Question 44

____% of young people meet the criteria for 1 disorder also meet the criteria for anther lifetime disorder

Answer 44

40%

Question 45

depression may encompass both a ____ ______ and a ______

Answer 45

specific condition and a continuum

Question 46

depressed mood, anhedonia, and suicidality are more likely to be evident in a ______ group of people, whereas insomnia and hypochondriasis are more evident in a ______ group

Answer 46

depressed | non-depressed

Question 47

most common disorders found in all countries?

Answer 47

anxiety and mood disorders