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Psychology 335 > Chapter 4: Research methods in Clinical Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Research methods in Clinical Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Quantitive research designs focus on

A

testing hypotheses generated b the researcher

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2
Q

qualitative research designs tend to be

A

exploratory

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3
Q

a scientist-practitioner is well-trained to…

A

develop testable clinical hypotheses, gather the data necessary to test those hypotheses, weigh the evidence, and reach sound conditions

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4
Q

Common errors in thinking

A 
faulty reasoning 
false dilemas 
golden mean fallacy 
the straw person argument 
affirming the consequent 
appeal to ignorance
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5
Q

deductive process

A

the researcher uses a formal theory to generate research ideas

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6
Q

inductive process

A

deriving an idea from repeated observation

not theory guided

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7
Q

correlation

A

variables are associated with each other

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8
Q

cause

A

one variable influences directly ir indirect, the level of the second variable

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9
Q

moderation

A

one variable influences the direction or size of the relation b/w 2 other variables

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10
Q

mediation

A

the influence of one variable on a second variable is due, in whole or in part, to the influence of the third variable

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11
Q

prevention

A

an attempt to decrease the likelihood that an undesirable outcome occurs

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12
Q

intervention

A

an attempt to decrease or eliminate an undesirable outcome that has already occurred
i.e. treatment

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13
Q

Donald Campbell

A

encouraged researchers to pay more attention to potential design problems that can undermine a study’s validity

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14
Q

internal validity

A

the extent to which the interpretations drawn from the results of a study can be justified and alternative interpretations can be reasonably ruled out

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15
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which the interpretations drawn from the results of a study can be generalized beyond the narrow boundaries of a specific study

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16
Q

statistical conclusion validity

A

the extent to which the results of a study are accurate and valid based on the type of statistical procedures used in research

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17
Q

threats to internal validity of a study

A 
History
Maturation
Testing 
Instrumentation 
Statistical regression
selection biases
attrition
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18
Q

Threats to external validity of a study

A 
sample characteristics
stimulus characteristics and settings
reactivity to research arrangements 
reactivity of assessment
timing of measurement
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19
Q

researchers must balance…

A

external and internal validity

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20
Q

typically, researchers give priority to concerns about _____ validity over ______ validity

A

internal, external

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21
Q

Case studies

A

detailed presentation of an individual
source of hypotheses
heuristic value
do not allow for rigorous testing of hypotheses

22
Q

singe case designs

A

addresses limitations of the limitations of case studies

  • threats like maturation and regression to the mean can be handled by the simple strategy of extending the period of time that a person is assessed and the frequency with which the assessments occur
  • AB single case designs
  • ABA
23
Q

correlational designs

A

most commonly used in clinical psych

examines the association among variables

24
Q

hallmarks of the scientific study of causality in human functioning?

A

the use of experimental manipulation and random assignment to conditions

25
factor analysis
a statistical procedure used to determine the conceptual dimensions or factors that underlie a set of variables, test items, or tests - exploratory: when the researcher has no prior hypotheses about the structure of the data - confirmatory: used to test a specific hypothesis regarding the nature of the factor structure
26
moderator
a variable that influences the strength of the relation b/w a predictor variable and a criterion variable
27
mediator
a variable that explains the mechanism by which a predictor variable influences a criterion variable
28
structural equation modelling
a comprehensive statistical procedure that involves testing all components of a theoretical model the ability of the whole model to predict treatment outcome is assessed can determine only the extent to which a hypothesized causal model fits the study's data requires a large sample
29
Quasi experimental designs
involve some type of manipulation by the researcher do not involve random assignment to experimental conditions confounding variables cost effective only one wave of data collection is required
30
experimental designs
random assignment and manipulation | provide the best protection against threats to internal validity
31
the strongest design is one where both pre and post _______ data are collected
intervention | common quasi and experimental
32
randomized controlled trial
an experiment in which research participants are randomly assigned to 1 of 2 or more treatment conditions
33
meta analysis
a set of statistical procedures for quantitively summarizing the results of a research domain
34
effect size
a standardized metric, typically expressed in standard deviation units or correlations, that allows the results of research studies to be combined and analyzed
35
two forms of sampling?
probability: focuses on the use of numerous strategies to ensure that the research sample is representative of a pop - surveys, census non-probability: more common, website ads, newspaper ads = the researcher is not specifically recruiting i order to ensure the representativeness of the sample - not as generalizable as probability sampling
36
Jacob Cohen
developed tools to assist researchers in determining the optimal number of participants to recruit for a study based on the phenomenon under investigation, the research design, and the type of planned data analysis
37
Measurement options
``` Self Report Informant report rater evaluations performance measures projective measures observational behaviour psychophysiological measures archival data (i.e. police records) ```
38
psychometric properties of measures
reliability | validity
39
internal consistency
reliability | the degree to which elements of the measure (like items on a test) are homogeneous
40
test-retest reliability
the stability over time of scores on a measure
41
inter-rater reliability
the consistency of scores on a measure across diff raters or observers
42
content validity
the extent to which the measure fully and accurately represents all elements of the domain of the construct being assessed
43
face validity
the extent to which the measure overtly appears to be measuring the construct of interest
44
criterion validity
the association of a measure with some criterion of central relevance to the construct, such as differentiating b/w groups of research participants
45
Concurrent validity
the association of a measure with other relevant data measured at the same point in time
46
predictive validity
the association of a measure with other relevant data measured at some future point in time
47
convergent validity
the association b/w a measure and other measures of either the same construct or conceptually related constructs
48
discriminant validity
the association between measures that, conceptually, should not be related
49
incremental validity
the extent to which a measure adds to the prediction of criterion beyond what can be predicted with other measurement data
50
Clinical significance
in addition to the results of a study attaining statistical significance, the results are of a magnitude that there are changes in some aspects of participant's daily functioning
51
Neil Jacobson
developed the reliable change index which determines whether a participant's pre-or-post- treatment change on a scale is statistically greater than would be expected due to measurement error

Psychology 335 (15 decks)

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