Chapter 3: Conception and Prenatal development Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Prenatal Stage of Development
A
period that begins with conception and ends with birth of newborn infant
2
Q
Factors with enormous influence before conception:
A
Genetic issues, what kind of father/mother would they be, what are their parents like
3
Q
Progesterone
A
Hormone secreted by ovaries which stimulates the endometrium (lining of uterus) to prepare for arrival of fertilized egg
4
Q
Ovulation
A
14 days later, egg makes way to surface of ovary and breaks through ovary wall
5
Q
Pregnancy
A
occurs when the egg is successfully implanted into the uterus
6
Q
Alcohol effects in males
A
Reduces sperm count; erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation
7
Q
Marijuana effects in males
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marijuana’s ingredient hits sperm cells and causes a frenzied swimming activity, causing sperm cells to tire themselves out, cant make the swim to the uterus
8
Q
Fertilization
A
the penetration of the egg by sperm; takes place in the fallopian tubes
9
Q
implantation
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the fertilized egg lodges itself into the uterus
10
Q
Ovarian reserve
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the number of remaining viable eggs
11
Q
Testicles
A
almond shaped glands found inside a sec
12
Q
Scrotum
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the sac that holds the testicles, cools them
13
Q
Vagina
A
receives erect penis
14
Q
Cervix
A
extension of uterus; barrier for negative substances that would come in from vagina to uterus; secretes mucus
15
Q
Mucus
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Protective mechanism that is thick throughout most of the cycle, resists sperm cells from coming through; hormones thin out the mucus during ovulation
16
Q
Cervical hostility
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begins when cervical mucus does not thin out; is a hormonal problem, resists sperm cells from reaching uterus
17
Q
Description of Uterus
A
Size of clenched fist; very muscular organ; muscles needed to surround, hold a baby, and contract to push baby out
18
Q
Endometrium
A
cellular lining of the uterus
19
Q
What percent of fertilized eggs do not implant into the wall of the uterus?
A
50%
20
Q
When does the endometrium thicken?
A
1 week after ovulation
21
Q
Endometriosis
A
a buildup in the fallopian tubes of endometrial cells from the uterus; the cells will reproduce there, clogging the system; one of the leading causes of infertility in women
22
Q
Bacterial Infections in relation to Female Infertility
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infection can break down endometrial tissue, leading to infertility
23
Q
Conception vs pregnancy
A
the egg becomes fertilized vs the fertilized egg implants itself into endometrial wall
24
Q
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A
second major cause of female infertility; the surface of the ovary becomes overwhelmed by cysts which causes irregularity in menstrual periods and interferes with normal process of ovulation
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Fallopian Tubes
Located on both sides of the uterus; interior lining of tubes secretes a fluid that hydrates the egg; lining has muscles that contract and cause the cilia to brisk egg and move it along tubes
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Tubal Pregnancy (ectopic pregnancy)
fertilized egg gets stuck in fallopian tube, zygote divides and gets bigger and bigger inside the tube; becomes lethal quickly; causes bleeding and hemorrhaging, undetected may lead to infertility but may not show pain
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
May completely cause infertility; many cause discharge that may be easily noticed
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Ovaries
Fully form when baby is born; contains all the eggs a girl will ever have; eggs die over time, the rest are released menstruation
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
secreted by pituitary gland; stimulates ovaries to ripen eggs; there is 1 dominant egg that will outed
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
just before ovulating, there is a spike in LH that actually causes ovulation;
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Cysts
naturally exist on ovaries everytime you ovulate
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ovarian cancer
one of the leading causes of death in females; difficult to detect, may be fatal
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Menstrual Cycle
sequence and orchestration of events of reproductive functioning of females
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Birth control pill
made of synthetic hormones: estrogen and progesteone; designed to prevent ovulation, creates cervical hostility
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Viable Time period egg to become fertilized
24 hours once you ovulate
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Follicular Phase
Varies; basal body temp 1/2 degree cooler than luteal; FSH during early part of cycle, stimulating ovaries to ripen eggs
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Luteal Phase
body temp goes up 1/2 degree after ovulation; increaase in progesterone, less estradiol: LH is cause of ovulation
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Spotting
dominant egg may ripen faster than normal; not influenced by menstrual cycle
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How long does it take to make a baby
266 days to 38 weeks
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Post Mature babies
Born a few weeks after the due date; placenta is getting old and may starve the baby of oxygen
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Premature Babies
born weeks or months early; babies can survive after 26 weeks; generally have many problems
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3 Periods of Prenatal Development
Period of the Ovum, Embryo, Fetus
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Period of the Ovum (zygote)
first 2 weeks of prenatal development; cells begin to divide at very rapid rate and cells differentiate into distinct layers that will form organ
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Period of the Embryo
begins at the end of the second week and extends to the end of the 8th week following conception; all major organ systems are structurally formed except the genitals
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Period of the Fetus
3rd and final stage, 9th week - birth
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Neural Tube Disorders
occur when blastocyst doesnt successfully fuse to form brain and spinal cord
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Spinal Bifida
spine is exposed outside body
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Which nutrient may reduce risk of neural tube defects?
Folic acid
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Period of the Embryo - details
layers of cells differentiate and each layer is pre-determined to form certain organs; at end of 8th week, baby is 1 inch long; 3.5 weeks after conception, heart beats for the first time
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Umbilical Cord
tube containing two arteries and one vein which is pressurized to prevent tangling
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placenta
organ that sustains the baby by allowing oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood to cross a semi-permeable membrane to the baby; the 2 blood supplies dont actually mix
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Rubella Virus
attacked the babies' optic nerves through placenta
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Effects of Thalidomide
babies are born with flipper-like appendages in place of the arms or legs
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When does baby have fully functioning immune system?
6 months later
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Teratogens
agents that are known to enter the biological system of the embryo and fetus and negatively influence development
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Effects of Cigarette Smoke
1/5 of women who smoke, smoke throughout their pregnancy; higher rates of miscarriage, still born, disease
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Fetal Growth Reduction
baby may be born 1/2 pound lighter
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Effects of Alcohol on Fetus
Ethanol goes right across placenta membrane; stays in high concentration for days, baby has not developed liver to filter alcohol; destroys nerve cells; has negative effect on migration of neurons
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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
takes many forms, because of mother's alcohol intake; leading cause of preventable intellectual deficiency
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Heroin or methadone effects
baby will be addicted to the drug, will experience neonatal abstinence syndrome; babies may be preterm and at low birth weight
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Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
pattern of problems that can be life-threatening; symptoms are variable, but often include tremors, seizures, vomiting, and fevers
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Cocaine effects
babies may experience enormous pressure on cardiovascular system; generally irritable, easily over-stimulated, and are disorganized with caregivers
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What is 2nd choice of drug during pregnancy?
Meth
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Methamphetamine Effects
babies likely to be born as low birthing small-for-gestational age, and with reduced head circumference; may display higher rates of ADHD and aggressive behaviors
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Herpes
causes painful genital sores in adults; is transmissible to fetus only when sores are present in vagina when baby is directly contacted with maternal secretions during delivery; antiviral treatment of mother can reduce rate of transmission
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CMV
Second Common form of herpes virus; highly infectious, may resemble slight cold
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CMV effects on baby
May hide in system and affect baby; infants suffer intellectual disability, hearing loss, and psychomotor problems later in life; most common cause of transmission of disease from mother to newborn
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HIV/AIDS
AIDS is progressive weakening of immune system by HIV
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HIV/AIDS effects on baby
transmission is in uterus during birth process or breastfeeding; 25-35% rate; infants suffer frequent infection, diarrhea, fail to thrive or gain weight; may have brain damage
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Protease Inhibitors
May reduce transmission of HIV/AIDs to baby if treated aggressively
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Toxoplasmosis
Infection caused by a parasite found in intestines of infected cats and birds, some raw meats, and from vegetables that contain soil residue
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Toxoplasmosis effects on baby
miscarriage, still birth, or death of baby soon after birth
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Mercury
industrial pollutant that worked its way into food chain
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Toluene
Highly addictive chemical found in paint, glue, cleaning solution
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Effects of toluene
reduced birth weight structural abnormalities similar to FASD
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Phthalates
chemical agents in many industrial and cosmetic products that are readily absorbed through human skin
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Effects of phthalates
abnormalities in genital development in boys at 1 year
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Prenatal care
approach a mother and professionals take to ensure her well-being and fetus's well being during delivery
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Heredity
Genetic Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
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Cells
Biological units that are enormously complex in function and structure
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Chromosomes
rod-like structures found in nucleus; 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 total; one from mother one from father
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DNA
makes up chromosomes, 2 strands; arranged in double helix structure
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Genes
smaller units that make up each DNA thread; provide blueprints for biological expression of physical structures and traits
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Genome
collection of genes inherited across all 23 pairs of chromosomes
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Mitosis
body cells duplicate themselves; generates all cells of the body except sex cells
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Meiosis
process by which sex cells are produced
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Genetic diversity
division of chromosomes in 1st phase of meiosis ensures this
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Crossing over
segments of genes may be exchanged between chromosomes
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Name of X-chromosome
Gymnosperm
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Name of Y-chromosome
Andosperm
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Genotype
genetic material from mother blends with genetic material from father to create 1st living cell of unique human being
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Phenotype
observable expression of these traits
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reaction range
variation of phenotypic expression for given train
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opportunity structures
favorable environmental events and experiences that are uniquely designed to profit from some potentiality present in one's genotype
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Gene regulation
individual genes are turned on or off to accomplish a variety of outcomes
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Two forms of Gene regulation:
differentiation of body cells early in development; epigenetic changes throughout development
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Epigenesis
genes are switched on or off by exposure of cells to specific effects of environment
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Recessive Diseases
PKU, Tay-Sachs Disease, Sickle-cell disease
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PKU - Phenylketonuria
metabolic disorder where child fails to produce enzyme needed to convert amino acid phenylalanine into harmless substance; without that substance, phenylalanine builds up and destroys CNS
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Tay Sachs Disease
child is unable to produce certain enzyme necessary for fat metabolism, causing fatty aids to build up in brain, liver, and spleen; dominant among Jews
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Sickle-cell disease
Mostly affects African americans; paired recessive alleles produce abnormal form of hemoglobin, distorting disk-like shape of normal blood cell into sickle shape; clogs blood vessels
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Sex-linked inhertiance
genetic transmission of traits and diseases by mechanism of 23rd pair of chromosomes, particularly X
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Hemophilia
maladaptive sex-linked trait; inability of blood to clot, leads to internal bleeding, may result in deformity or death
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Trisomy
when you have an extra chromosome, something happens during meiosis
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Down Syndrone
offspring has extra chromosome, 21st pair does not separate;IQ typically less than 50, varied degrees of intellectual disability; slow motor movement, impaired speech, symptoms increase with age; probability increases with age of mother
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Physical traits of down syndrome
broad, flat face with slanted eyes and elongated fold of eyelid; heart defects
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Fragile X Syndrome
alcohol is major cause; results from mutation of particular gene located at long arms of X chromosome on 23rd pair; extra chromosomal material; mutation can be inherited; males more affected; one of the largest causes of intellectual disability
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Genetic counselor
professional whose trained in transmission of genetic disease and traits and trained in the counseling that's necessary
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Prenatal testing
child that could be born, counselor counsels couple already pregnant and empowers couple if they have to get help for their baby
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ultrasound
makes use of very high frequency sound waves to form an electronic "picture" of the fetus
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Sonogram
an electronic picture of the fetus
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Amniocentesis
insert hollow needle into abdomen of mother, clip off piece of amniotic fluid that contains cells and DNA, can determine if baby has any genetic disorders
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Age of viability
26 weeks into pregnancy
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Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
insert tube into vagina, dilate cervix, come in contact with developing placenta, suction off piece and remove for DNA testing
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Congenital disorders
disorders that are present at birth
