Chapter 3 - Critical Thinking - Logic and Illogic

Question 1

What is Logic?

Answer 1

The branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of good thinking and reasoning processes.

Question 2

Define Argument.

Answer 2

A series of statements that mean to establish the truth.

Question 3

What is Critical Thinking?
A.S.P.C.P.S.E.R.U.D.M.G.A.

Answer 3

The active and systematic process of communication, problem-solving, evaluation, analysis, synthesis, and reflection, both individually and in an community, to foster understanding, support sound decision making, and guide action

Question 4

What is Confirmation Bias?

Answer 4

Filtering evidence or reasons based on what’s most favorable to one’s point of view.

Question 5

What is Group Think?

Answer 5

The tendency to let other people or one’s group do one’s thinking.

Question 6

Define Fallacy.

Answer 6

An illogical argument, often appearing logical at first glance, involving statements that deceive or mislead.

Question 7

What are Premises?

Answer 7

The reasons and evidence that are cited, directly or indirectly, to support the conclusion.

Question 8

What does Structure refer to in an argument? (not form)

Answer 8

The nature of the logical relationship between the premises and the claim the argument purports to establish.

Question 9

What is a Conclusion in an argument?

Answer 9

The point that the premises were designed to support or demonstrate.

Question 10

What does Form refer to in an argument?

Answer 10

The form of an argument refers to an argument’s structure.

Question 11

Define Force in the context of an argument.

Answer 11

The degree to which one is rationally compelled to accept an argument’s conclusion.

Question 12

What characterizes Inductive Arguments?

Answer 12

They do not have formulaic structures and the premises only need to be relevant to the conclusion.

Question 13

What are Deductive Arguments?

Answer 13

Arguments that have a very fixed and formal structure, where both premises must be relevant to each other and the conclusion.

Question 14

Define Syllogism.

Answer 14

A classic deductive argument structure that consists of two premises and a conclusion.

Question 15

What is a Rule Statement?

Answer 15

how things are or should be.

Question 16

What is a Fact Statement?

Answer 16

a statement proven to be true

Question 17

What are Enumerative Induction Arguments?

Answer 17

It is an argument that concludes a broad claim based on specific observations (like, I’ve seen many crows and they’re all black, therefore all crows are black.”

Question 18

What does it mean for an argument to be Sound?

Answer 18

An argument is sound when BOTH the structure is valid and the premises are true.

Question 19

Define Valid Argument.

Answer 19

An argument is valid when the structure is logically correct.

Question 20

What must a legitimate Inductive Argument have?

Answer 20

True premises.

Question 21

What does Cogent mean in an inductive argument?

Answer 21

An inductive argument is cogent if both the premises are true and the reasons make a strong argument for the conclusion being plausible or likely.

Question 22

What are Genetic Fallacies?
(think of discrediting someones parent”

Answer 22

An attempt to discredit a position by condemning its source or to establish a position by condemning the source of an opposing viewpoint.

Question 23

What is Ad Hominem Abuse?

Answer 23

An attempt to disparage the character or the person presenting the argument, or to deny that person’s intelligence without addressing the statements or arguments being presented.

Question 24

Define Ad Hominem Circumstantial.

Answer 24

Discrediting the arguer’s statements by alluding to certain circumstances that affect the opponent.

Question 25

What is Equivocation? (2)

Answer 25

When one uses a word or phrase in such a way that its meaning is not clear or can be taken in more than one way.

Question 26

What are Faulty Causation Fallacies?

Answer 26

When people jump to the conclusion that one thing causes another when no such causal connection exists.

Question 27

What is Post Hoc Fallacy? 1-> 2

Answer 27

Occurs when someone jumps to the mistaken conclusion that the first event must have caused the second, only because it happened first.

Question 28

Define Slippery Slope Fallacy.

Answer 28

Occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends upon the claim that a certain event will set off a chain reaction, leading to an undesirable consequence.

Question 29

What is a Casual Argument?

Answer 29

An attempt to show that one thing causes another.

Question 30

What does Statistical Correlation imply?

Answer 30

when one jumps to the conclusion that a statistical relationship implies a casual relationship

Question 31

Define False Appeal Fallacies. (authority, popularity, emotion)

Answer 31

Fallacies that have to do with inappropriately appealing to an outside source or factor to make one’s argument sound stronger.

Question 32

What is a False Appeal to Authority?

Answer 32

When the stated authority is not really an expert in that field, their non-expert opinion carries no special weight.

Question 33

What is False Appeal to Popularity?

Answer 33

Claiming that an idea is true because many people think it is.

Question 34

What does False Appeal to Emotion involve?

Answer 34

Manipulating others into agreeing with a point of view by playing on their feelings rather than by appealing to logic and reason.

Question 35

What is Ignorance Fallacy?

Answer 35

Basing beliefs on a lack of evidence or arguing that a lack of evidence proves some claim to be true.

Question 36

What is Inconsistency in logic?

Answer 36

The fallacy of contradiction, violating the Principle of Non-Contradiction.

Question 37

Define Straw Man Fallacy. context

Answer 37

Occurs when an arguer distorts, takes out of context, or exaggerates an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.

Question 38

What is a Red Herring?

Answer 38

An argument that introduces an irrelevant point to divert attention from the main issue.

Question 39

What does the Two Wrongs Make a Right Fallacy imply?

Answer 39

Defending one's wrongdoing by pointing out similar behavior in others.

Question 40

Define Either/or Fallacy.

Answer 40

Also called a false dichotomy; suggests there are only two sides to an issue, one right and one wrong.

Question 41

What is Hasty Generalization?

Answer 41

The fallacy of stereotyping caused primarily by poor inductive reasoning. (aka. stereotyping)

Question 42

What is Appeal to Tradition?

Answer 42

Arguing for the legitimacy of an idea based only on the fact that it is already that way.

Question 43

What is a Questionable Claim?

Answer 43

Using statements that are so broad and general that they cannot withstand scrutiny.

Question 44

What is Begging the Question? c

Answer 44

When the arguer uses the conclusion of the argument as one of the premises in support of that same conclusion. fallacy of circulation

Question 45

Enumerative inductive arguments tend to _______.

Answer 45

reason from specific examples to more general conclusions.

Question 46

How many true premises should a legitimate inductive argument have?

Answer 46

Both premises must be true.

Question 47

Why are genetic fallacies fallacious?

Answer 47

The quality of an argument does not depend on its source, but on facts.

Question 48

In which type of argument do conclusions follow the premises?

Answer 48

Deductive.

Question 49

True or False: Inductive premises must relate to the conclusion.

Answer 49

True.

Question 50

True or False: Inductive premises must relate to each other.

Answer 50

False.

Question 51

What type of fallacious argumentative strategy is 'Maya opposes student loan regulations because her family owns a student loan company'?

Answer 51

Ad hominem circumstantial.

Question 52

What type of fallacy is a play on words?

Answer 52

Equivocation.

Question 53

What type of fallacy occurs when an argument attempts to discredit a position by condemning its source?

Answer 53

Genetic fallacy.

Question 54

What is the fallacy of statistical correlation?

Answer 54

When one finds that two phenomena are related statistically and jumps to the conclusion that this relationship implies a causal relationship.

Question 55

The fallacy of contradiction is also known as ______.

Answer 55

Inconsistency.

Question 56

Which fallacy is about distraction?

Answer 56

Red herring.

Question 57

What fallacy is a violation of the principle of the non-contradiction rule?

Answer 57

The fallacy of inconsistency.

Question 58

What type of argument is 'Today I read multiple news stories about teens driving under the influence and causing fatal motor vehicle accidents. Teens are alcoholics and rash drivers.'?

Answer 58

A hasty generalization.

Question 59

What type of argument is 'We need stricter gun control laws.' followed by 'So, you want to infringe on our right to self-defense?'?

Answer 59

Straw man fallacy.

Question 60

What is the difference between an inductive and deductive argument?

Answer 60

The premises of an inductive argument only need to relate to the conclusion. The premises of a deductive argument need to relate to each other AND the conclusion.