Chapter 3 - Disciplines of Functional Biomechanics Flashcards

(74 cards)

1
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of human movement.

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2
Q

Biomechanics

A

The study of how forces affect a living body.

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3
Q

Ground Reaction Force

A

An equal and opposite external force that is exerted back onto the body by the ground.

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4
Q

Qualitative Analysis

A

Applying principles of proper technique and combining them with observations in order to make an educated evaluation.

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5
Q

Quantitative Analysis

A

Taking physical measurements and making mathematical computations to reach a conclusion.

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6
Q

Anatomic Position

A

Standard posture wherein the body stands upright with the arms beside the trunk, the palms face forward, and the head faces forward.

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7
Q

Midline

A

That which is contained within an imaginary line that splits the body into equal halves.

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8
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

An imaginary plane that bisects the body into equal halves, producing a left half and a right half.

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9
Q

Front Plane

A

An imaginary plane that bisects the body into equal halves, producing a front half and back half.

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10
Q

Transverse Plane

A

An imaginary plane that bisects the body into equal halves, producing a top half and a bottom half.

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11
Q

Anterior-Posterior Axis

A

A straight line that cuts through the body from front to back.

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12
Q

Longitudinal Axis

A

An imaginary long, straight line that cuts through the body from top to bottom.

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13
Q

Coronal Axis (Medial-Lateral)

A

An imaginary long, straight line that cuts through the body from left to right.

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14
Q

Range of Motion

A

The amount of movement produced by one or multiple joints.

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15
Q

Flexion

A

A bending at a joint where the relative angle between two adjoining segments decreases.

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16
Q

Extension

A

A bending at a joint where the relative angle between two adjoining segments increases.

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17
Q

Adduction

A

A body segment is moving toward the midline of the body.

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18
Q

Abduction

A

A body segment is moving away from the midline of the body.

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19
Q

Internal Rotation

A

Rotation of a limb or body segment toward the midline of the body.

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20
Q

External Rotation

A

Rotation of a limb or body segment away from the midline of the body.

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21
Q

Pronation

A

A triplaner movement that is associated with force reduction.

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22
Q

Supination

A

A triplaner movement that is associated with force production.

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23
Q

Flexors

A

A muscle that produces flexion of a limb or joint.

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24
Q

Extensors

A

A muscle that produces extension of a limb or joint.

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25
Abductors
A muscle that produces abduction of a limb or joint.
26
Adductors
A muscle that produces an adduction of a limb or joint.
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Pronators
A muscle that produces pronation of a limb or body segment.
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Supinators
A muscle that produces supination of a limb or body segement.
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Prone
Body position where one is lying with the face downward.
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Supine
Body position where one is lying on the back and the face is upward.
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Triple Flexion
A multi-joint exercise that involves flexion at the hip, knee, and ankle.
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Triple Extension
A multi-joint exercise that involves extension at the hip, knee, and ankle.
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Static Posture
The starting point from which an individual moves.
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Multiplanar
Occuring in more than one plane of motion.
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Concentric Activation
The production of an active force when a muscle develops tension while shortening in length.
36
Active Force
Muscle tension that is generated by its contractile elements.
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Isometric Activation
The production of an active force when a muscle develops tension while maintaining a constant length.
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Eccentric Activation
The production of an active force when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
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Isolated Function
(1) A muscle's primary function. (2) A muscle action produced at a joint when a muscle is being concentrically activated to produce acceleration of a body segment.
40
Eccentric Function
Action of a muscle when it is generating an eccentric contraction.
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Integrated Function
The coordination of muscles to produce, reduce, and stabilize forces in multiple planes for efficient and safe movement.
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Kinetics
Biomechanics term that involves the study of forces.
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Force
(1) A push or a pull that can create, stop, or change movement. (2) Force = Mass x Acceleration
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Mass
The amount of matter in an object or physical body.
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Matter
A substance that has mass and takes up space.
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Acceleration
The speed of an object.
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Weight
The amount of force that gravity has on the body.
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Gravity
A force that accelerates an object or mass downward toward the earth's center.
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Lever
A relatively rigid rod or bar that rotates around a fulcrum.
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Torque
The rotary or rotational effect that a force has around an axis.
51
Tempo
The amount of time that muscle is actively producing tension during exercise movements.
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Repetition Tempo
The speed at which each repetition is performed.
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Line of Pull
The direction in which a muscle is pulled.
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Parallel Muscle
Muscle with fibers that are oriented parallel to that muscle's longitudinal axis.
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Pennate Muscle
Muscle with fibers that are oriented at an angle to the muscle's longitudinal axis.
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Origin
The relatively stationary attachment site where skeletal muscle begins.
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Insertion
The relatively mobile attachment site.
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Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.
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Aponeurosis
A white tendinous sheet that attaches muscle to bone.
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Muscle Belly
The mid-region in between the origin and insertion.
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Malalignment
The incorrect or improper alignment of the joints in a body without movements.
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Overactive
Referring to a state of having disrupted neuromuscular recruitment patterns that lead a muscle to be more active during a joint action.
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Underactive
Referring to the state of having disrupted neuromuscular recruitment patterns that lead to a muscle to be relatively less active during a joint action.
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Extrinsic
Located from outside yet act on a structure being considered.
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Intrinsic
Located from within and acting directly on a structure being considered.
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Intrinsic Core Stabilizers
Deep inner muscles behind the superficial abdominals that have a direct effect on stabilizing the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex.
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Retraction
Adduction of the shoulder blades where the shoulder blades move toward the spine.
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Shoulder Impingement
When the space between the bone on top of the shoulder (acromion) and the tendons of the rotator cuff rub against each other during arm elevation.
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Pronation of the Foot
A combination of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction.
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Supination of the Foot
A combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction.
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Flexibility
The normal extensibility of soft tissue, which allows a joint to be moved through its full range of motion.
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Corrective Exercise
The programming process that identifies neuromuscular dysfunction, develops a plan of action, and implements a corrective strategy as a part of an exercise training program.
73
Neuromuscular Efficiency
When the neuromuscular system allows agonists, antagonists, and stabilizers to synergistically produce muscle actions in all three plans of motion.
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Relative Flexibility
The human movement system's way of finding the path of least resistance during movement.