CHAPTER 3 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS

Question 1

inner transition metal in the bottom of the bottom two rows of the periodic table

Answer 1

actinide

Question 2

element in group 1

Answer 2

alkali metal

Question 3

element in group 2

Answer 3

alkaline earth metal

Question 4

extent of the displacement caused by a wave

Answer 4

amplitude

Question 5

mathematical function that describes the behavior of an electron in an atom (also called the wavefunction)

Answer 5

atomic orbital

Question 6

procedure in which the electron configuration of the elements is determined by “building” them in order of atomic numbers, adding one proton to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell at a time

Answer 6

Aufbau principle

Question 7

idealized perfect absorber of all incident electromagnetic radiation; such bodies emit electromagnetic radiation in characteristic continuous spectra called blackbody radiation

Answer 7

blackbody

Question 8

structural model in which an electron move around the nucleus only in circular orbits, each with a specific allowed radius

Answer 8

Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom

Question 9

element in group 16

Answer 9

chalcogen

Question 10

electromagnetic radiation given off in a n unbroken series of wavelengths(e.g., white light from the sun)

Answer 10

continuous spectrum

Question 11

electron in a n atom that occupies the orbitals of the inner shells

Answer 11

core electron

Question 12

attractive force between the nuclei of a molecule’s atoms and pairs of electrons between the atoms

Answer 12

covalent bond

Question 13

(also, molecular compound) composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elements

Answer 13

covalent compound

Question 14

one-half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms when they are joined by a covalent bond

Answer 14

covalent radius

Question 15

region of space with high electron density that is either four lobed or contains a dumbbell and torus shape; describes orbitals l = 2.

Answer 15

d orbital

Question 16

orbitals that have the same energy

Answer 16

degenerate orbitals

Question 17

charge that leads to the Coulomb force exerted by the nucleus on an electron, calculated as the nuclear charge minus shielding

Answer 17

effective nuclear charge

Question 18

energy transmitted by waves that have an electric-field component and a magnetic-field component

Answer 18

electromagnetic radiation

Question 19

range of energies that electromagnetic radiation can comprise, including radio, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays

Answer 19

electromagnetic spectrum

Question 20

energy change associated with addition of an electron to a gaseous atom or ion

Answer 20

electron affinity

Question 21

listing that identifies the electron occupancy of an atom’s shells and sub shells

Answer 21

electron configuration

Question 22

a measure of the probability of locating an electron in a particular region of space, it is equal to the squared absolute value of the wave function

Answer 22

electron density

Question 23

processes that increase the energy of an atom and involve the absorption of light

Answer 23

endothermic

Question 24

state having an energy greater than the ground-state energy

Answer 24

excited state

Question 25

processes that decrease the energy of an atom and involve the emission of light

Answer 25

exothermic

Question 26

multilobed region of space with high electron density, describes orbitals with l = 3

Answer 26

f orbital

Question 27

number of wave cycles(peaks or troughs) that pass a specified point in space per unit time

Answer 27

frequency (v)

Question 28

state in which the electrons in an atom, ion , or molecule have the lowest energy possible

Answer 28

ground state

Question 29

vertical column of the periodic table

Answer 29

group

Question 30

element in group 17

Answer 30

halogen

Question 31

rule stating that it is impossible to exactly determine both certain conjugate dynamical properties such as the momentum and the position of a particle at the same time. The uncertainty principle is a consequence of quantum particles exhibiting wave-particle duality

Answer 31

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Question 32

the unit of frequency, which is the number of cycle per second, s^-1

Answer 32

hertz(Hz)

Question 33

every orbital in a sub shell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin

Answer 33

Hund's rule

Question 34

(also, noble gas) element in group 18

Answer 34

inert gas

Question 35

(also, lanthanide or actinide) element in the bottom two rows; if in the first row, also called lanthanide, or if in the second row, also called actinide

Answer 35

inner transition metal

Question 36

interference pattern

Answer 36

pattern typically consisting of alternating bright and dark fringes; it results from constructive and destructive interference of waves

Question 37

property of wave-propagated energy related to the amplitude of the wave, such as brightness of light or loudness of sound

Answer 37

intensity

Question 38

electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions of an ionic compound

Answer 38

ionic bond

Question 39

compound composed of cations and anions combined in ratios, yielding an electrically neutral substance

Answer 39

ionic compound

Question 40

energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion

Answer 40

ionization energy

Question 41

group of ions or atoms that have identical electron configurations

Answer 41

isoelectronic

Question 42

inner transition metal in the top of the bottom two rows of the periodic table

Answer 42

lanthanide

Question 43

electromagnetic radiation emitted at discrete wavelengths by a specific atom (or atoms) in an excited state

Answer 43

line spectrum

Question 44

quantum number signifying the orientation of an atomic orbital around the nucleus

Answer 44

magnetic quantum number (m.l)

Question 45

(also, representative element) element in groups 1, 2, and 13-18

Answer 45

main-group element

Question 46

element that is shiny, malleable good conductor of heat and electricity

Answer 46

metal

Question 47

element that conducts heat and electricity moderately well, and possesses some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals

Answer 47

metalloid

Question 48

(also, covalent compound) composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elemetns

Answer 48

molecular compound

Question 49

ion composed of a single atom

Answer 49

monatomic ion

Question 50

(also, inert gas) element in group 18

Answer 50

noble gas

Question 51

any point of a standing wave with zero amplitude

Answer 51

node

Question 52

element that appears dull, poor conductor of heat and electricity

Answer 52

nonmetal

Question 53

pictorial representation of the electron configuration showing each orbital as a box and each electron as an arrow

Answer 53

orbital diagram

Question 54

polyatomic anion composed of a central atom bonded to oxygen atoms

Answer 54

oxyanion

Question 55

dumbbell-shaped region of space with ihg electron density, describes orbitals with l = 1

Answer 55

p orbital

Question 56

specifies that no two electrons in an atom can have the same value for all four quantum numbers

Answer 56

Pauli exclusion principle

Question 57

(also, series) horizontal row of the periodic table

Answer 57

period

Question 58

properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers

Answer 58

periodic law

Question 59

table of the elements that places elements with similar chemical properties close together

Answer 59

periodic table

Question 60

smallest possible packet of electromagnetic radiation, a particle of light

Answer 60

photon

Question 61

element in group 15

Answer 61

pnictogen

Question 62

ion composed of more than one atom

Answer 62

polyatomic ion

Question 63

quantum number specifying the shell an electron occupies in an atom

Answer 63

principal quantum number (n)

Question 64

limitation of some property to specific discrete values, not continuous

Answer 64

quantization

Question 65

field of study that includes quantization of energy, wave-particle duality, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to describe matter

Answer 65

quantum mechanics

Question 66

number having only specific allowed values and used to characterize the arrangement of electrons in an atom

Answer 66

quantum number

Question 67

(also, main-group element) element in columns 1, 2, and 12-18

Answer 67

representative elemtn

Question 68

spherical region of space with high electron density, describes orbitals with l =0

Answer 68

s orbital

Question 69

quantum number distinguishing the different shapes of orbitals; it is also a measure of the orbital angular momentum

Answer 69

secondary(angular momentum) quantum number (l)

Question 70

(also, period) horizontal row of the period table

Answer 70

series

Question 71

atomic orbitals with the same principal qunatum number, n

Answer 71

shell

Question 72

number specifying the electron spin direction, either + 1/2 or - 1/2

Answer 72

spin quantum number(m.s)

Question 73

(also, stationary wave) localized wave phenomenon characterized by discrete wavelengths determined by the boundary conditions used to generate the waves; standing waves are inherently quantized

Answer 73

standing wave

Question 74

atomic orbitals with the same values of n and l

Answer 74

subshell

Question 75

element in groups 3-12(more strictly define, 3-11; see chapter on transition metals and coordination chemistry)

Answer 75

transition metal

Question 76

electrons in the outermost of valence shell (highest value of n) of a ground-state atom

Answer 76

valence electrons

Question 77

outermost shell of electrons in a ground-state atom

Answer 77

valence shell

Question 78

oscillation of a property over time or space; can transport energy from one point to another

Answer 78

wave

Question 79

observation that elementary particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties

Answer 79

wave-particle duality

Question 80

mathematical description of an atomic orbital that describes the shape of the orbital; it can be used to calculate the probability of finding the electron at any given location in the orbital, as well as dynamical variables such as the energy and the angular momentum

Answer 80

wavefunction (w)

Question 81

distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave

Answer 81

wavelength(lambda)

Question 82

c = λν

Answer 82

(speed of light) = (wavelength)(velocity)

Question 83

E=hν=hcλ, where h = 6.626 × 10−34 J s

Answer 83

(Energy) = (Planck's constant)(velocity) = (Planck's constant)(speed of light)(wavelength)

Question 84

1/λ=R∞(1/n21−1/n22)

Answer 84

1/(wavelength)=(Rydberg constant)(1/n1^2 - 1/n2^2)

Question 85

En=−kZ2/n2,n=1,2,3,…

Answer 85

(Energy)n = -kZ^2/n^2, n = positive integer

Question 86

ΔE=kZ2(1n/21−1n/22)

Answer 86

(Change in Energy) = kZ^2(1/n1^2-1/n2^2)

Question 87

r=n2/Za0

Answer 87

r = n^2/Z a0